Abstract: A method of fabricating a semiconductor device and a device fabricated thereby, the method including sequentially stacking an interlayer insulating layer, a porous dielectric layer, a first mask layer, and a second mask layer on a substrate; etching the second mask layer to form preliminary mask patterns; etching the preliminary mask patterns to form second mask patterns; etching the first mask layer using the second mask patterns as an etch mask to form first mask patterns; etching the porous dielectric layer using the first mask patterns as an etch mask to form grooves; and forming interconnection patterns in the grooves, respectively, wherein the porous dielectric layer includes SiOCH, and the first mask layer includes carbon-free silicon oxide (SiO2).

Abstract: A semiconductor device includes a substrate having one or more inner surfaces defining trenches that define an active pattern of the substrate, the trenches including a first trench and a second trench which have different widths, a device isolation layer on the substrate such that the device isolation layer at least partially fills the trenches, and a word line intersecting the active pattern. The device isolation layer includes a first isolation pattern covering a portion of the second trench, a second isolation pattern on the first isolation pattern and covering a remaining portion of the second trench, and a filling pattern filling the first trench under the word line. A top surface of the second isolation pattern is located at a higher level than a top surface of the filling pattern.

Abstract: A method of fabricating a semiconductor device including preparing a substrate including a wafer inner region and a wafer edge region, the wafer inner region including a chip region and a scribe lane region, sequentially stacking a mold layer and a supporting layer on the substrate, forming a first mask layer on the supporting layer, the first mask layer including a first stepped region on the wafer edge region, forming a step-difference compensation pattern on the first stepped region, forming a second mask pattern including openings, on the first mask layer and the step-difference compensation pattern, and sequentially etching the first mask layer, the supporting layer, and the mold layer using the second mask pattern as an etch mask to form a plurality of holes in at least the mold layer may be provided.

Abstract: A method of fabricating a semiconductor device including preparing a substrate including a wafer inner region and a wafer edge region, the wafer inner region including a chip region and a scribe lane region, sequentially stacking a mold layer and a supporting layer on the substrate, forming a first mask layer on the supporting layer, the first mask layer including a first stepped region on the wafer edge region, forming a step-difference compensation pattern on the first stepped region, forming a second mask pattern including openings, on the first mask layer and the step-difference compensation pattern, and sequentially etching the first mask layer, the supporting layer, and the mold layer using the second mask pattern as an etch mask to form a plurality of holes in at least the mold layer may be provided.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a semiconductor device includes stacking a molding layer and a preliminary support layer on a substrate, forming a support layer having a plurality of openings by removing at least a portion of the preliminary support layer, forming a sacrificial layer by filling the plurality of openings with a different material from a material of the molding layer and from a material of the preliminary support layer, forming a plurality of vertical holes through the support layer and through the molding layer, forming a lower electrode within the plurality of vertical holes, and removing the sacrificial layer and the molding layer.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a semiconductor device includes stacking a molding layer and a preliminary support layer on a substrate, forming a support layer having a plurality of openings by removing at least a portion of the preliminary support layer, forming a sacrificial layer by filling the plurality of openings with a different material from a material of the molding layer and from a material of the preliminary support layer, forming a plurality of vertical holes through the support layer and through the molding layer, forming a lower electrode within the plurality of vertical holes, and removing the sacrificial layer and the molding layer.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a semiconductor device is provided. The method includes forming a molding layer and a supporter layer on a semiconductor substrate, forming a multiple mask layer including a first mask layer and a second mask layer formed on the first mask layer, on the supporter layer. The first mask layer is formed of a material having an etch selectivity with respect to the molding layer and the second mask layer is formed of a material having an etch selectivity with respect to the supporter layer. The method includes forming a first mask pattern and a second mask pattern formed on the first mask pattern by patterning the multiple mask layer, etching the supporter layer by performing a first etching process using the second mask pattern as an etch mask, etching the molding layer, and forming a hole by performing a second etching process using the first mask pattern as an etch mask.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a semiconductor device is provided. The method includes forming a molding layer and a supporter layer on a semiconductor substrate, forming a multiple mask layer including a first mask layer and a second mask layer formed on the first mask layer, on the supporter layer. The first mask layer is formed of a material having an etch selectivity with respect to the molding layer and the second mask layer is formed of a material having an etch selectivity with respect to the supporter layer. The method includes forming a first mask pattern and a second mask pattern formed on the first mask pattern by patterning the multiple mask layer, etching the supporter layer by performing a first etching process using the second mask pattern as an etch mask, etching the molding layer, and forming a hole by performing a second etching process using the first mask pattern as an etch mask.

Abstract: A proton conducting polymer having a repeating unit given by formula (1) below is provided. A proton conducting polymer membrane manufactured using the proton conducting polymer can be more easily manufactured than a conventional fluorine-based membrane and can be commercialized as an automobile fuel cell due to its low cost of production. Also, the proton conducting polymer membrane has high moisture content and does not cause the water flooding at high current density, thereby improving the efficiency of a cell. In addition, the proton conducting polymer membrane enables a fuel cell to stably operate at temperatures of 100° C. or higher, thereby preventing the poisoning of a catalyst and extending the lifetime of the fuel cell.

Abstract: A proton conducting polymer having a repeating unit given by formula (1) below is provided.