Abstract: The invention is directed to a method for producing metal-containing particles, the method comprising subjecting an aqueous solution comprising a metal salt, Eh, lowering reducing agent, pH adjusting agent, and water to conditions that maintain the Eh value of the solution within the bounds of an Eh-pH stability field corresponding to the composition of the metal-containing particles to be produced, and producing said metal-containing particles in said aqueous solution at a selected Eh value within the bounds of said Eh-pH stability field. The invention is also directed to the resulting metal-containing particles as well as devices in which they are incorporated.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a method for producing metal oxide particles, the method comprising subjecting non-oxide metal-containing particles to an oxidation step that converts the non-oxide metal-containing particles to said metal oxide particles. The invention is also directed to the resulting metal oxide compositions. In particular embodiments, non-oxide precursor particles are produced by microbial means, and the produced non-oxide precursor particles subjected to oxidation conditions under elevated temperature conditions (e.g., by a thermal pulse) to produce metal oxide particles or a metal oxide film.

Abstract: A multi-sac injection includes a main sac located at the center of a nozzle such that an injected fuel formed a low load cone angle to inject a fuel for pre-mixed combustion, and sub-sacs located at sides of the nozzle such that the injected fuel forms a middle/high load cone angle large relative to a low load cone angle to inject a fuel for diffusive combustion. Accordingly, smoke and NOx are significantly reduced in a low load region while maintaining features of a middle/high load region with a single injector.

Abstract: A diesel-gasoline hybrid engine is constructed with an exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) system, without a design change. As a combustion space of a combustion chamber is stratified into a high-concentration EGR space and a relatively low-concentration EGR space, an ignition quality of a low-speed and low-load region is secured to improve combustion, and simultaneously, knocking in a high-low region is suppressed. Furthermore, the amount of NOX generated during gasoline premixed combustion and smoke generated during diesel combustion are significantly reduced.

Abstract: A diesel engine piston having a combustion chamber may include a profile surface that protrudes toward a center axis of the combustion chamber from an inner wall thereof and includes a protrusion on the inner wall, the protrusion extending from the inner wall with a predetermined length, wherein the protrusion divides a spray fuel, which may be sprayed and atomized onto the protrusion, into a fuel flow at an upper portion of the combustion chamber and a fuel flow at a lower portion of the combustion chamber, respectively.