Abstract: A semiconductor device includes a substrate having a logic region and a magnetoresistive random access memory (MRAM) region, a MTJ on the MRAM region, a metal interconnection on the MTJ, and a blocking layer on the metal interconnection. Preferably, the blocking layer includes a stripe pattern according to a top view and the blocking layer could include metal or a dielectric layer.

Abstract: An enclosure surrounding the optical component can be connected with a vapor source. The vapor source can provide a vapor to the enclosure with a vapor level from 500 ppm to 15000 ppm. The concentration of vapor in the enclosure can increase the lifespan of the optical component in the enclosure.

Abstract: An enclosure surrounding the optical component can be connected with a vapor source. The vapor source can provide a vapor to the enclosure with a vapor level from 500 ppm to 15000 ppm. The concentration of vapor in the enclosure can increase the lifespan of the optical component in the enclosure.

Abstract: The present invention provides an apparatus for mechanically stabilizing tunable lasers by mechanically grounding laser components. Lasers stabilized using mechanical grounding of the laser components exhibit phase synchronous tuning, reduced mode hop and increased wavelength stability across the entire tuning range. Additionally, lasers stabilized using mechanical grounding exhibit improved resistance to thermal and physical shock. The robust compact design of mechanically grounded lasers makes them suitable for a broad range of applications including optical signal generators and optical multimeters.

Abstract: Disclosed is an external cavity diode laser system that includes a dispersion unit; a gain element producing coherent light incident upon the dispersion unit; and the dispersion unit dispersing the incident coherent light into dispersed light, the dispersed light comprising a reflected diffraction beam and at least one of angularly-separated source spontaneous emission or angularly-separated amplified spontaneous emission; a guiding dispersion unit that guides the dispersed light diffracted upon it from the dispersion unit while maintaining an angular separation between the reflected diffraction beam and at least one of angularly-separated source spontaneous emission or angularly-separated amplified spontaneous emission; and a physical filtering device that physically filters the reflected diffraction beam from the spatially separated at least one of angularly-separated source spontaneous emission or angularly-separated amplified spontaneous emission guided to the physical filtering device by the guiding unit

Abstract: The present invention provides an apparatus for passively stabilizing the optical pathlength in tunable lasers. Lasers stabilized using the passive stabilization apparatus exhibit reduced mode hop and increased wavelength stability during temperature variations of the laser or surrounding environment. The stabilization makes the laser suitable for a broad range of applications including: optical signal generators and optical multimeters.

Abstract: Disclosed is an external cavity diode laser system including a dispersive unit; a gain element producing coherent light incident upon the dispersive unit, and the dispersive unit dispersing the incident coherent light into dispersed light, the dispersed light comprising a reflected diffraction beam and at least one of angularly-separated source spontaneous emission or angularly-separated amplified spontaneous emission; a tuning reflector rotably mounted with respect to the dispersive unit wherein rotation of the tuning reflector tunes the dispersed light; and a coupling unit located along a beam path of the reflected diffraction beam. Also disclosed are methods for generating a low-noise laser beam.

Abstract: Disclosed is an external cavity diode laser system that includes a dispersive unit; a gain element producing coherent light incident upon the dispersive unit, and the dispersive unit dispersing the incident coherent light into dispersed light, the dispersed light comprising a reflected diffraction beam and at least one of angularly-separated source spontaneous emission or angularly-separated amplified spontaneous emission; a guiding dispersion unit that guides the dispersed light diffracted upon it from the dispersive unit while maintaining an angular separation between the reflected diffraction beam and at least one of angularly-separated source spontaneous emission or angularly-separated amplified spontaneous emission; and a physical filtering device that physically filters the reflected diffraction beam from the spatially separated at least one of angularly-separated source spontaneous emission or angularly-separated amplified spontaneous emission guided to the physical filtering device by the guiding unit

Abstract: Disclosed is an external cavity diode laser system comprising a dispersive unit having a proximal and distal end; a gain element, located proximally from the dispersive unit, and that produces coherent light incident upon the dispersive unit, and the dispersive unit dispersing the incident coherent light into dispersed light, the dispersed light comprising a reflected diffraction beam and at least one of angularly-separated source spontaneous emission or angularly-separated amplified spontaneous emission; a guiding unit, located proximally from the dispersive unit, that guides the dispersed light diffracted upon it from the dispersive unit while maintaining an angular separation between the reflected diffraction beam and at least one of angularly-separated source spontaneous emission or angularly-separated amplified spontaneous emission; and a physical filtering device that physically filters the reflected diffraction beam from the spatially separated at least one angularly-separated source spontaneous emissi

Abstract: The invention describes a real-time in situ ellipsometric monitoring and control system using an ellipsometer to control the averaged refractive index of the deposited film during the AR coating of semiconductor laser diode facets for laser amplifiers and superluminescent LED. The input and output window birefringences are taken into account and calibrated the windows mounted on the vacuum chamber to include the effects of the pressure and mounting stress. In addition to the conventional four-medium model which gives an averaged refractive index, an adaptive multilayer model which takes into account an increasing number of layers as the evaporation proceeded is developed to monitor the instantaneous changes of the refractive index. Each ellipsometric measurement lasts only 0.5s and provides two sets of refractive index and thickness data as derived by the two multilayer models. Both measured data are used for the refractive index control to achieve a good feedback response.