Abstract: A stack of copper plates is placed in a melting chamber having a closed roof of refractory material. The stack is placed in a tilted orientation leaning against a side wall of the melting chamber, with lower edges of the copper plates resting on an inclined hearth surface. A door to the melting chamber is closed to block the infiltration of oxygen. A burner is fired into the melting chamber to heat the closed roof of refractory material, and the stack of copper plates is melted under the influence of combustion products from the burner and heat radiated from the closed roof. Molten copper is drained downward from the bottom edge of the inclined hearth surface to avoid immersing the copper plates in a molten bath.

Abstract: A stack of copper plates is placed in a melting chamber having a closed roof of refractory material. The stack is placed in a tilted orientation leaning against a side wall of the melting chamber, with lower edges of the copper plates resting on an inclined hearth surface. A door to the melting chamber is closed to block the infiltration of oxygen. A burner is fired into the melting chamber to heat the closed roof of refractory material, and the stack of copper plates is melted under the influence of combustion products from the burner and heat radiated from the closed roof. Molten copper is drained downward from the bottom edge of the inclined hearth surface to avoid immersing the copper plates in a molten bath.

Abstract: A catalyst charge for ammonia oxidation, including the Andrussow process, comprises a first stage ammonia oxidation catalyst capable of oxidizing 20 to 99% of designed ammonia throughput, to produce a first stage product gas comprising unreacted ammonia, oxygen and nitrogen oxides, and a second stage ammonia oxidation catalyst capable of completing the oxidation of unreacted ammonia. Low levels of nitrous oxide are produced an extended campaign lengths may be seen.

Abstract: A stack of copper plates is placed in a melting chamber having a closed roof of refractory material. The stack is placed in a tilted orientation leaning against a side wall of the melting chamber, with lower edges of the copper plates resting on an inclined hearth surface. A door to the melting chamber is closed to block the infiltration of oxygen. A burner is fired into the melting chamber to heat the closed roof of refractory material, and the stack of copper plates is melted under the influence of combustion products from the burner and heat radiated from the closed roof. Molten copper is drained downward from the bottom edge of the inclined hearth surface to avoid immersing the copper plates in a molten bath.

Abstract: A catalyst charge for ammonia oxidation, including the Andrussow process, comprises a first stage ammonia oxidation catalyst capable of oxidising 20 to 99% of designed ammonia throughput, to produce a first stage product gas comprising unreacted ammonia, oxygen and nitrogen oxides, and a second stage ammonia oxidation catalyst capable of completing the oxidation of unreacted ammonia. Low levels of nitrous oxide are produced an extended campaign lengths may be seen.

Abstract: A finalizer may include a notification that no tolerance for failure or corruption is expected. Any potential failure point, which may be induced by a runtime execution environment routine or subroutine that is associated with the finalizer may then be prepared apart from the finalizer.

Abstract: The techniques and mechanisms described herein are directed to a method for virtually catching an exception. A debugger receives a notification identifying information about an exception that occurred during execution of an application. The debugger then selectively chooses a location on a call stack where execution of the application resumes after the stack is unwound up to the selected location. The location being between a statement on the stack causing the exception and a handler on the stack. The handler being identified during a search phase for exception processing. The mechanism being operative for both handled exceptions and unhandled exceptions.

Abstract: Deterministic code execution may be recovered for programs or portions thereof by implementing a programmable policy on a system host to escalate the scope of a code discard based on various parameters.

Abstract: A system and method of providing edit and continue support in a software program debugging environment. “Edit and continue” support allows a user (e.g., programmer and/or developer) to update the code and/or data structure(s) of an executing program while it is running. After the user has finished editing their code and resumes execution, an integrated development environment (IDE) propagates the edit(s) into a common language runtime (CLR) environment before continuing. Therefore, from the CLR environment's perspective, an edit is a block of intermediate language code (IL) and/or metadata that is inserted into a running process. The IDE can facilitate: determining “legality” of an edit; building the edit; sending the edit to the CLR environment; and/or, facilitating the CLR environment switch execution to the edited code.

Abstract: A system for treating exhaust gases including NO, nitrogen and particulate matter comprises: a catalyst for generating NO2 from the NO; a plasma generator for generating at least one of: (1) NO2 from the NO or nitrogen or both; and (2) ozone; and a filter for trapping a desired proportion of the particulate matter which is combusted with at least one of NO2 or ozone. Methods for increasing levels of NO2 in an exhaust system to combust trapped particulate matter involve oxidising NO to NO2 over an oxidation catalyst at an optimum temperature range and using a plasma generator to generate NO2 from NO or N2. Reducing exhaust gas emissions is achieved by trapping the particulate matter and combusting it by reaction with NO2.

Abstract: A system for treating exhaust gases including NO, nitrogen and particulate matter comprises: a catalyst for generating NO2 from the NO; a plasma generator for generating at least one of: (1) NO2 from the NO or nitrogen or both; and (2) ozone; and a filter for trapping a desired proportion of the particulate matter which is combusted with at least one of NO2 or ozone. Methods for increasing levels of NO2 in an exhaust system to combust trapped particulate matter involve oxidising NO to NO2 over an oxidation catalyst at an optimum temperature range and using a plasma generator to generate NO2 from NO or N2 at temperatures outside of the optimum range, or using the plasma generator an increased amount of particulate matter is generated, regardless of the catalyst temperature. Reducing exhaust gas emissions is achieved by trapping the particulate matter and combusting it by reaction with NO2.

Abstract: A system for purifying exhaust gases from a diesel or like engine (1) comprises a filter (3) and a plasma generator (5). The plasma generator converts NO and/or N2 to NO2 and/or generates ozone, which is found to be particularly effective at causing low temperature combustion of soot trapped on the filter.

Abstract: A compiler having one or more separate components, each of which contains the source code of the compiler which is responsible for implementing a corresponding data representation. These components are responsible for all of the parts of compilation which depend on the corresponding data representation. In one aspect of the present invention, a compiler comprises: a converter for converting program code to object code; and a data representation implementor for isolating within the compiler information that relates to representation of data at runtime, wherein the converter accesses the data representation implementor to obtain information that is needed for converting any portion of the program code that is dependent on representation of data at runtime.