Abstract: An electronic artificial flame device for providing an artificial flame having realistic flame colors and apparent flame motion, in multiple dimensions of chromaticity, luminosity, plasma anger, and spatial walk, coordinated by a mathematical model based on real flame. The device includes input electronics, output electronics, light assemblies, and a flame screen. The input electronics implement the model of a real flame, and the light assemblies, which include one or more light emitting diodes, emit light under control of the output electronics. The light assemblies direct the emitted light onto the flame screen, and the flame screen reflects the directed light to provide the visible aspect of the artificial flame. The mathematical model includes a flame model, a color conversion function, and a projection function for modeling, respectively, the shape, color, and movement of the real flame, and may also include an additional output noise function.

Abstract: A method and system for deriving fluid leak information are described. A plurality of sealing elements are introduced into the pipeline at a location upstream of the leak, and at least some of the sealing elements are drawn towards the leak to cause a sealing event which reduces fluid seepage. A pressure change caused by the sealing event is detected, and associated time data is used to derive information about the leak. In one embodiment, leak location information is derived. In an alternative embodiment, pressure transient information is used to derive leak size information.

Abstract: A method and system for deriving fluid leak information are described. A plurality of sealing elements are introduced into the pipeline at a location upstream of the leak, and at least some of the sealing elements are drawn towards the leak to cause a sealing event which reduces fluid seepage. A pressure change caused by the sealing event is detected, and associated time data is used to derive information about the leak. In one embodiment, leak location information is derived. In an alternative embodiment, pressure transient information is used to derive leak size information.

Abstract: The present invention concerns a method for reducing seepage through a leak (5) in a duct (1), the leak being defined in terms of its maximum dimension xL and its maximum width in an orthogonal direction yL and the effective size of the leak being given by formula (1): SL=(x2L+y2L)1/2. A plurality of sealing elements (3) are introduced into the duct, the sealing elements having dimensions a, b and c in mutually orthogonal directions and the effective size SE of the sealing element being given by formula (2): SE=(a2+b2+c2)1/2. The sealing elements have an effective size SE, which is less than the effective size of the leak SL, so that sealing elements (3A) are drawn to the leak locality and caused, by reason of a pressure differential at that locality and attributable to the leak, to move over the leak and reduce the seepage.