Abstract: The present invention relates to a simulated blood vessel for use in a trauma simulator. The simulated blood vessel comprises a flexible, resilient body and has a fluid channel integrally moulded within the body. The fluid channel has first and second ends and a compression zone located lengthwise between the first and second ends that is compressible between an open configuration and a closed configuration in which flow through the fluid channel is blocked. The compression zone has a compression axis arranged transverse to the length of the fluid channel along which a compression force is applied to the fluid channel in use, and the compression zone has a cross sectional shape having a first axis aligned with the compression axis and a second axis arranged transverse to the first axis, and the diameter of the fluid channel along the second axis is greater than diameter along the first axis to enable the fluid channel to be more easily compressed to the closed configuration.

Abstract: A new adjoint method for calculating and using adjoint gradients in a Reservoir Simulator comprises: calculating adjoint gradients of an objective function with respect to changes in valve settings taking into account the modeling of pressure drop and fluid flow along a wellbore, and using the adjoint gradients to calculate sensitivities of a reservoir to changes in parameterization of downhole devices and using of these sensitivities in optimal control of the wells to optimize some objective function subject to production constraints.

Abstract: A new adjoint method for calculating and using adjoint gradients in a Reservoir Simulator comprises: calculating adjoint gradients of an objective function with respect to changes in valve settings taking into account the modeling of pressure drop and fluid flow along a wellbore, and using the adjoint gradients to calculate sensitivities of a reservoir to changes in parameterization of downhole devices and using of these sensitivities in optimal control of the wells to optimize some objective function subject to production constraints.