Abstract: Systems and methods of the various embodiments may provide a battery including a rolling diaphragm configured to move to accommodate an internal volume change of one or more components of the battery. Systems and methods of the various embodiments may provide a battery housing including a rolling diaphragm seal disposed between an interior volume of the battery and an electrode assembly within the battery. Various embodiments may provide an air electrode assembly including an air electrode supported on a buoyant platform such that the air electrode is above a surface of a volume of electrolyte when the buoyant platform is floating in the electrolyte.

Abstract: Systems and methods of the various embodiments may provide a refuelable battery for the power grid to provide a sustainable, cost-effective, and/or operationally efficient solution to energy source variability and/or energy demand variability. In particular, the systems and methods of the various embodiments may provide a refuelable primary battery solution that addresses bulk seasonal energy storage needs, variable demand needs, and other challenges.

Abstract: Various embodiments provide a battery, a bulk energy storage system including the battery, and/or a method of operating the bulk energy storage system including the battery. In various embodiment, the battery may include a first electrode, an electrolyte, and a second electrode, wherein one or both of the first electrode and the second electrode comprises direct reduced iron (“DRI”). In various embodiments, the DRI may be in the form of pellets. In various embodiments, the pellets may comprise at least about 60 wt % iron by elemental mass, based on the total mass of the pellets. In various embodiments, one or both of the first electrode and the second electrode comprises from about 60% to about 90% iron and from about 1% to about 40% of a component comprising one or more of the materials selected from the group of SiO2, Al2O3, MgO, CaO, and TiO2.

Abstract: An electrochemical system, the system including an aqueous electrolyte, at least one chelating agent configured to bind to at least one detrimental ionic species, and a particulate precipitation site. A method of forming an electrochemical system including creating a housing with an interior volume, placing at least one electrode within the interior volume, adding at least one chelating agent configured to bind to at least one detrimental ionic species into the interior volume, and adding a particulate precipitation site to the interior volume.

Abstract: Various embodiments provide a battery, a bulk energy storage system including the battery, and/or a method of operating the bulk energy storage system including the battery. In various embodiment, the battery may include a first electrode, an electrolyte, and a second electrode, wherein one or both of the first electrode and the second electrode comprises direct reduced iron (“DRI”). In various embodiments, the DRI may be in the form of pellets. In various embodiments, the pellets may comprise at least about 60 wt % iron by elemental mass, based on the total mass of the pellets. In various embodiments, one or both of the first electrode and the second electrode comprises from about 60% to about 90% iron and from about 1% to about 40% of a component comprising one or more of the materials selected from the group of SiO2, Al2O3, MgO, CaO, and TiO2.

Abstract: Systems and methods of the various embodiments may provide a refuelable battery for the power grid to provide a sustainable, cost-effective, and/or operationally efficient solution to energy source variability and/or energy demand variability. In particular, the systems and methods of the various embodiments may provide a refuelable primary battery solution that addresses bulk seasonal energy storage needs, variable demand needs, and other challenges.

Abstract: Systems and methods of the various embodiments may provide a refuelable battery for the power grid to provide a sustainable, cost-effective, and/or operationally efficient solution to energy source variability and/or energy demand variability. In particular, the systems and methods of the various embodiments may provide a refuelable primary battery solution that addresses bulk seasonal energy storage needs, variable demand needs, and other challenges.

Abstract: Various embodiments provide a battery, a bulk energy storage system including the battery, and/or a method of operating the bulk energy storage system including the battery. In various embodiment, the battery may include a first electrode, an electrolyte, and a second electrode, wherein one or both of the first electrode and the second electrode comprises direct reduced iron (“DRI”). In various embodiments, the DRI may be in the form of pellets. In various embodiments, the pellets may comprise at least about 60 wt % iron by elemental mass, based on the total mass of the pellets. In various embodiments, one or both of the first electrode and the second electrode comprises from about 60% to about 90% iron and from about 1% to about 40% of a component comprising one or more of the materials selected from the group of SiO2, Al2O3, MgO, CaO, and TiO2.

Abstract: Method and devices for charging and reconditioning an electrochemical cell by applying one of a current and a voltage for achieving a galvanic phase and an electrolytic phase in alternating periods.

Abstract: A thin-film all-organic electrochemical device is disclosed. The device includes one or more polymer chains. Each of the one or more polymer chains has reducing functional groups, oxidizing functional groups, and ionically conducting functional groups. The ionically conducting functional groups are disposed in between the reducing functional groups and the oxidizing functional groups. The device may produce a potential greater than 5 volts.

Abstract: Underwater apparatuses and methods of operating underwater apparatuses. The apparatus includes a power source such as an aluminum-water cell. Waste product from the power source may be channeled into various portions of the apparatus to adjust the buoyancy of the apparatus, the center of buoyancy of the apparatus, and/or the trim of the apparatus.

Abstract: Systems and methods of the various embodiments may provide a refuelable battery for the power grid to provide a sustainable, cost-effective, and/or operationally efficient solution to energy source variability and/or energy demand variability. In particular, the systems and methods of the various embodiments may provide a refuelable primary battery solution that addresses bulk seasonal energy storage needs, variable demand needs, and other challenges.

Abstract: Galvanic metal-water cells and methods of manufacturing positive electrodes to be used in said galvanic metal-water cells. The galvanic metal-water cells in accordance with various embodiments include a cathode that includes a layer comprising nickel-molybdenum deposited thereon. The nickel-molybdenum coated cathodes exhibit favorable hydrogen evolution reaction overpotential compared with existing devices. In these galvanic metal-water cells, the metal is oxidized and water is reduced.

Abstract: Underwater apparatuses and methods of operating underwater apparatuses. The apparatus includes a power source such as an aluminum-water cell. Waste product from the power source may be channeled into various portions of the apparatus to adjust the buoyancy of the apparatus, the center of buoyancy of the apparatus, and/or the trim of the apparatus.

Abstract: Materials, designs, and methods of fabrication for hydrogen oxidation electrodes and electrochemical cells including the same are disclosed. In various embodiments, hydrogen oxidation catalysts and corresponding substrates are provided that enable electrochemical oxidation of hydrogen evolved at the anode of aqueous batteries.

Abstract: Materials, designs, and methods of fabrication for iron-manganese oxide electrochemical cells are disclosed. In various embodiments, the negative electrode is comprised of pelletized, briquetted, or pressed iron-bearing components, including metallic iron or iron-based compounds (oxides, hydroxides, sulfides, or combinations thereof), collectively called “iron negative electrode.” In various embodiments, the positive electrode is comprised of pelletized, briquetted, or pressed manganese-bearing components, including manganese (IV) oxide (MnO2), manganese (III) oxide (Mn2O3), manganese (III) oxyhydroxide (MnOOH), manganese (II) oxide (MnO), manganese (II) hydroxide (Mn(OH)2), or combinations thereof, collectively called “manganese oxide positive electrode.” In various embodiments, electrolyte is comprised of aqueous alkali metal hydroxide including lithium hydroxide (LiOH), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), potassium hydroxide (KOH), cesium hydroxide (CsOH), or combinations thereof.

Abstract: Systems and methods of the various embodiments may provide device architectures for batteries. In various embodiments, these may be primary or secondary batteries. In various embodiments these devices may be useful for energy storage. Various embodiments may provide a battery including an Oxygen Reduction Reaction (ORR) electrode, an Oxygen Evolution Reaction (OER) electrode, a metal electrode; and an electrolyte separating the ORR electrode and the OER electrode from the metal electrode.

Abstract: Heat exchange structure. A hydrophilic, thermally conductive porous medium includes nanostructures formed substantially uniformly throughout the porous medium providing a balance of capillary and viscous forces to self-regulate a liquid-vapor contact line. A suitable porous medium is copper. A method for making the structure is also disclosed.

Abstract: Heat exchange structure. A hydrophilic, thermally conductive porous medium includes nanostructures formed substantially uniformly throughout the porous medium providing a balance of capillary and viscous forces to self-regulate a liquid-vapor contact line. A suitable porous medium is copper. A method for making the structure is also disclosed.

Abstract: A method of generating an electrical current and a multi-cell electrochemical device. The method includes extracting oxygen from an aqueous ambient environment surrounding an electrochemical system; transporting the extracted oxygen through a selectively oxygen-permeable membrane to an enclosed electrolyte configured to surround an anode and a cathode in the electrochemical system, wherein the electrolyte is separated from the aqueous ambient environment; transporting the oxygenated electrolyte to the cathode; reducing the oxygen at the cathode; and oxidizing a metal at the anode. The device includes a metal anode; a cathode; an enclosed electrolyte configured to surround the cathode and the anode, wherein the electrolyte is separated from an aqueous ambient environment surrounding the electrochemical device; and a selectively oxygen-permeable membrane configured to extract oxygen from the aqueous ambient environment.