Abstract: A pyro-metallurgical process for producing at least one non-ferrous metal or a compound thereof, wherein said metal is selected from the group consisting of arsenic (As), antimony (Sb), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), silver (Ag), tin (Sn), nickel (Ni), and zinc (Zn), and wherein at least one raw material is fed into a rotary kiln, wherein said at least one raw material comprises at least said metal, and wherein said raw material is heated to produce a volatized material, in which the non-ferrous metal or compound thereof is produced from the volatized material, in which process a magnesium-based additive, is additionally fed in the rotary kiln in an amount of between 0.5 wt. % and 9.5 wt. % relative to the total weight of said raw materials, which magnesium-based additive is heated together with said raw material to produce at least the volatized material and a solid product, thereby counteracting ring formation in the rotary kiln.

Abstract: Disclosed is a process for reducing slag in a black liquor recovery boiler, the process comprising: injecting and burning black liquor in a boiler by contacting it with primary air and secondary air; introducing a slag-reducing chemical into the gases above the injection locations through interlaced, tangential or concentric secondary, tertiary, and/or quarternary air ports.

Abstract: A powdery calcium-magnesium compound used as a sorbent composition in flue gas treatment, compatible with electrostatic precipitators. The calcium magnesium compound is doped with calcium nitrate or nitric acid to reduce the electrical resistivity of the particles, increasing their collection efficiency.

Abstract: A powdery calcium-magnesium compound used as a sorbent composition in flue gas treatment, compatible with electrostatic precipitators. The calcium magnesium compound is doped with calcium nitrate or nitric acid to reduce the electrical resistivity of the particles, increasing their collection efficiency.

Abstract: Disclosed is a process for reducing slag in a black liquor recovery boiler, the process comprising: injecting and burning black liquor in a boiler by contacting it with primary air and secondary air; introducing a slag-reducing chemical into the gases above the injection locations through interlaced, tangential or concentric secondary, tertiary, and/or quarternary air ports.

Abstract: The description relates to a process for reducing acid plume from stacks from coal-fired combustors operating at varying loads, which have typically been treated by back-end calcium carbonate (limestone) which has not been able to effectively control visible acid plume as power is ramped up from low load. According to the process, as high sulfur and high iron coals are burned in a combustor, magnesium hydroxide slurry is introduced into hot combustion gases in or near the combustion zone. And, during ramp up to high load from a period of operation at low load, additional magnesium hydroxide is introduced into an intermediate-temperature zone.

Abstract: The invention relates to processes for reducing emissions of hydrochloric acid (HCl) to moderate pollution to the environment and achieve regulatory compliance in a cost-effective manner. In embodiments described below, the invention deals with reducing HCl and does not require a sorbent but utilizes an aqueous composition we term a copper-bearing chloride remediator (CBCR). In one general case, the CBCR can be a member selected from the group consisting of compositions defined by the formula Cu(NH3)x(carbonate or lower carboxylate)y, wherein the lower carboxylate is selected from the group consisting of formate, acetate and propionate, x is an integer from 0 to 4, y is an integer from 0 to 2, and x+y is equal to or greater than 1.

Abstract: The description relates to controlling slagging and/or fouling in biomass burning furnaces. Combustion of such a biomass the fuel with air produces combustion gases containing sodium and/or potassium compositions, and the combustion gases are treated by contacting the combustion gases with kaolin and aluminum hydroxide. At least one of the kaolin and aluminum hydroxide can be introduced with the fuel, in a combustion chamber, with reburn fuel or with overfire air. For fuels also high in zinc and/or heavy metals, magnesium hydroxide is introduced into the combustion chamber or following heat exchangers.

Abstract: The description relates to controlling slagging and/or fouling in biomass burning furnaces. Combustion of such a biomass the fuel with air produces combustion gases containing sodium and/or potassium compositions, and the combustion gases are treated by contacting the combustion gases with kaolin and aluminum hydroxide. At least one of the kaolin and aluminum hydroxide can be introduced with the fuel, in a combustion chamber, with reburn fuel or with overfire air. For fuels also high in zinc and/or heavy metals, magnesium hydroxide is introduced into the combustion chamber or following heat exchangers.

Abstract: Dry processes, apparatus, compositions and systems are provided for reducing emissions of sulfur oxides, and sulfur dioxide in particular, and/or HCl and/or Hg in a process employing a combination of a lime-based sorbent, in particular hydrated lime and/or dolomitic hydrated lime, and a sorbent doping agent administered to achieve coverage of a three-dimensional cross section of a passage carrying SOx and/or HCl and/or Hg-containing gases with a short but effective residence time at a temperature effective to provide significant sulfur dioxide and/or HCl and/or Hg reductions with high rates of reaction and sorbent utilization. The once-through, dry process can advantageously introduce the sorbent and sorbent doping agent dry or preferably as a slurry to enable uniform treatment. Preferred sorbent doping agents include water-soluble or water-dispersible copper and/or iron compositions which can be heated to an active form in situ by the flue gases being treated.

Abstract: The description relates to reducing hydrochloric acid in cement kilns. In one aspect, an aqueous copper-based chloride remediator is introduced into contact with combustion gases from a cement kiln. Injection is made into a defined introduction zone under conditions effective for HCl emissions control wherein the temperature is within the range of from 300° F. to 800° F., preferably from 550° F. to 750° F. The resulting gases are discharged from the defined zone following sufficient reaction time to reduce the HCl concentration in the gases.

Abstract: The description relates to a process for reducing acid plume from stacks from coal-fired combustors operating at varying loads, which have typically been treated by back-end calcium carbonate (limestone) which has not been able to effectively control visible acid plume as power is ramped up from low load. According to the process, as high sulfur and high iron coals are burned in a combustor, magnesium hydroxide slurry is introduced into hot combustion gases in or near the combustion zone. And, during ramp up to high load from a period of operation at low load, additional magnesium hydroxide is introduced into an intermediate-temperature zone.

Abstract: An acid gas sorbent composition is disclosed. The composition comprises a compound having the following formula: (SiO2)x(OH)yF.B wherein F optionally exists and said F is at least one of the following: a functionalized organosilane, a sulfur-containing organosilane, or an amine-containing organosilane; and wherein B is a hygroscopic solid at a preferred water to solid molar ration of about 0.1 to about 6, and more particularly, B is a basic inorganic solid including, but not limiting to, alkali to alkali-earth metal oxides, hydroxides, carbonates, or bicarbonates, containing at least one of the following metal cations: calcium, magnesium, strontium, barium, sodium, lithium, potassium, cesium, lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, dysprosium, scandium, ytterbium, yttrium, or erbrium; wherein the molar ration of y/x is equal to about 0.01 to about 0.5.

Abstract: The invention relates to processes for reducing emissions of hydrochloric acid (HCl) to moderate pollution to the environment and achieve regulatory compliance in a cost-effective manner. In embodiments described below, the invention deals with reducing HCl and does not require a sorbent but utilizes an aqueous composition we term a copper-bearing chloride remediator (CBCR). In one general case, the CBCR can be a member selected from the group consisting of compositions defined by the formula Cu(NH3)x(carbonate or lower carboxylate)y, wherein the lower carboxylate is selected from the group consisting of formate, acetate and propionate, x is an integer from 0 to 4, y is an integer from 0 to 2, and x+y is equal to or greater than 1.

Abstract: The description relates to production of fly ash with properties suitable for use in Portland cement. The fly ash compositions will contain coal ash, water-insoluble copper compositions and metallic mercury adsorbed onto ash particles. In one aspect, the coal ash composition will have a total mercury content of from 0.1 to 2.0 ppm and the water-soluble mercury is less than 20% of the total mercury content. The process entails combusting coal to produce hot combustion gases containing fly ash, CO2, chlorine, and mercury, cooling the combustion gases and introducing into the combustion gases at a temperature of less than 1000° F., preferably within the range of from about 250° to about 900° F., a copper-based chloride remediator (CBCR), and collecting the fly ash which comprises insoluble copper compositions and water insoluble mercury compositions.

Abstract: HCl and sulfur oxides are reduced by treating combustion gases with an aqueous copper compound referred to as copper-based chloride remediator (CBCR). The process is preferably implemented by identifying locations within a combustor for feeding the CBCR, determining the physical form and injection parameters for the CBCR and injecting the CBCR under conditions effective to reduce HCl and/or sulfur oxides. Effective temperatures for introducing the CBCRs can be from about 250° to 900° F. for HCl and up to about 2200° F. for sulfur oxides. Preferred CBCRs include copper and an ammonia moiety. One composition is copper diammonium diacetate, empirical formula of C2H7CuNO2. CBCR compositions are not sorbents and chemically convert HCl from a gaseous to a solid form.

Abstract: An acid gas sorbent composition is disclosed. The composition comprises a compound having the following formula: (SiO2)x(OH)yF.B wherein F optionally exists and said F is at least one of the following: a functionalized organosilane, a sulfur-containing organosilane, or an amine-containing organosilane; and wherein B is a hygroscopic solid at a preferred water to solid molar ration of about 0.1 to about 6, and more particularly, B is a basic inorganic solid including, but not limiting to, alkali to alkali-earth metal oxides, hydroxides, carbonates, or bicarbonates, containing at least one of the following metal cations: calcium, magnesium, strontium, barium, sodium, lithium, potassium, cesium, lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, dysprosium, scandium, ytterbium, yttrium, or erbrium; wherein the molar ration of y/x is equal to about 0.01 to about 0.5.

Abstract: The operation of wet scrubbers, especially those based on calcium carbonate, is improved by reducing the quantities of soluble chlorides in the combustion gases fed to the scrubbers. HCl in the combustion gases is converted to a solid copper chloride and removed before the chloride reaches the scrubber. Combustion gases are treated with an aqueous copper compound referred to as copper-bearing chloride remediator (CBCR). Effective temperatures for introducing the CBCRs are preferably within the range of from about 250° to 900° F. Among the more preferred CBCRs are copper compositions including copper, an organic moiety and/or an ammonia moiety.

Abstract: The description relates to reducing hydrochloric acid in cement kilns. In one aspect, an aqueous copper-based chloride remediator is introduced into contact with combustion gases from a cement kiln. Injection is made into a defined introduction zone under conditions effective for HCl emissions control wherein the temperature is within the range of from 300° F. to 800° F., preferably from 550° F. to 750° F. The resulting d gases are discharged from the defined zone following sufficient reaction time to reduce the HCl concentration in the gases.

Abstract: An acid gas sorbent composition is disclosed. The composition comprises a compound having the following formula: (SiO2)x(OH)y F.B wherein F optionally exists and said F is at least one of the following: a functionalized organosilane, a sulfur-containing organosilane, or an amine-containing organosilane; and wherein B is a hygroscopic solid at a preferred water to solid molar ratio of about 0.1 to about 6, and more particularly, B is a basic inorganic solid including, but not limiting to, alkali or alkali-earth metal oxides, hydroxides, carbonates, or bicarbonates, containing at least one of the following metal cations: calcium, magnesium, strontium, barium, sodium, lithium, potassium, cesium, lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, dysprosium, scandium, ytterbium, yttrium, or erbium; wherein the molar ratio of y/x is equal to about 0.01 to about 0.5.