Abstract: A method for determining the thickness of a plurality of coating layers. The method comprises the steps of performing a calibration analysis on calibration data to determine initial values and search limits of optical parameters of the plurality of coating layers, irradiating the plurality of layers with a pulse of THz radiation in the range from 0.01 THz to 10 THz, detecting the reflected radiation to produce a sample response derived from the reflected radiation, producing a synthesized waveform using the optical parameters and predetermined initial thicknesses of the layers, varying the thicknesses and the optical parameters within the search limits to minimize the error measured between the sample response and the synthesized waveform, and outputting the thicknesses of the layers.

Abstract: A method for determining the thickness of a plurality of coating layers. The method comprises the steps of performing a calibration analysis on calibration data to determine initial values and search limits of optical parameters of the plurality of coating layers, irradiating the plurality of layers with a pulse of THz radiation in the range from 0.01 THz to 10 THz, detecting the reflected radiation to produce a sample response derived from the reflected radiation, producing a synthesized waveform using the optical parameters and predetermined initial thicknesses of the layers, varying the thicknesses and the optical parameters within the search limits to minimize the error measured between the sample response and the synthesized waveform, and outputting the thicknesses of the layers.

Abstract: A method for determining the thickness of a plurality of coating layers. The method comprises the steps of performing a calibration analysis on calibration data to determine initial values and search limits of optical parameters of the plurality of coating layers, irradiating the plurality of layers with a pulse of THz radiation in the range from 0.01 THz to 10 THz, detecting the reflected radiation to produce a sample response derived from the reflected radiation, producing a synthesized waveform using the optical parameters and predetermined initial thicknesses of the layers, varying the thicknesses and the optical parameters within the search limits to minimize the error measured between the sample response and the synthesized waveform, and outputting the thicknesses of the layers.

Abstract: A method for determining the thickness of a plurality of coating layers, the method comprising: performing a calibration analysis on calibration data to determine initial values and search limits of optical parameters of said plurality of coating layers, irradiating the said plurality of layers with a pulse of THz radiation, said pulse comprising a plurality of frequencies in the range from 0.01 THz to 10 THz; detecting the reflected radiation to produce a sample response said sample response being derived from the reflected radiation; producing a synthesised waveform using the optical parameters and predetermined initial thicknesses of said layers; and varying said thicknesses and varying said optical parameters within the said search limits to minimise the error measured between the sample response and the synthesised waveform; and outputting the thicknesses of the layers.

Abstract: A method for determining the thickness of a plurality of coating layers, the method comprising: performing a calibration analysis on calibration data to determine initial values and search limits of optical parameters of said plurality of coating layers, irradiating the said plurality of layers with a pulse of THz radiation, said pulse comprising a plurality of frequencies in the range from 0.01 THz to 10 THz; detecting the reflected radiation to produce a sample response said sample response being derived from the reflected radiation; producing a synthesised waveform using the optical parameters and predetermined initial thicknesses of said layers; and varying said thicknesses and varying said optical parameters within the said search limits to minimise the error measured between the sample response and the synthesised waveform; and outputting the thicknesses of the layers.

Abstract: A system for investigating a plurality of samples having varying positions or orientations moving with respect to the system, the system including an emitter of terahertz radiation for irradiating a sample provided in a sample space; a detector of terahertz radiation configured to detect radiation reflected from said sample space; and determining means to determine if radiation reflected from said sample space is from a sample with a predetermined orientation in the sample space.

Abstract: Apparatus for measurement of a sample comprises means for generating electromagnetic radiation comprising a photoconductive device, the generating means is arranged to generate an output signal comprising electromagnetic radiation in dependence upon radiation received by the photoconductive device and to transmit the output signal towards a sample space, the apparatus further comprises a first radiation source and a second radiation source, arranged such that the radiation received by the photoconductive device comprises a mixture of radiation from the first radiation source and radiation from the second radiation source, control means for varying the frequency of the electromagnetic radiation of the output signal by varying the temperature of the first radiation source and/or the temperature of the second radiation source, and detecting means for detecting a response signal.

Abstract: A system for investigating a plurality of samples having varying positions or orientations moving with respect to the system, the system including an emitter of terahertz radiation for irradiating a sample provided in a sample space; a detector of terahertz radiation configured to detect radiation reflected from said sample space; and determining means to determine if radiation reflected from said sample space is from a sample with a predetermined orientation in the sample space.

Abstract: Apparatus for measurement of a sample comprises means for generating electromagnetic radiation comprising a photoconductive device, the generating means is arranged to generate an output signal comprising electromagnetic radiation in dependence upon radiation received by the photoconductive device and to transmit the output signal towards a sample space, the apparatus further comprises a first radiation source and a second radiation source, arranged such that the radiation received by the photoconductive device comprises a mixture of radiation from the first radiation source and radiation from the second radiation source, control means for varying the frequency of the electromagnetic radiation of the output signal by varying the temperature of the first radiation source and/or the temperature of the second radiation source, and detecting means for detecting a response signal.