Abstract: Methods and systems for measuring the temperature and spectral factors of a number of specimens (or radiators). The radiant flux from the specimens are spectrally analyzed with respect to effective wavelengths from M different channels (M being greater than or equal to 3). A relation among the spectral radiant flux intensity, approximated spectral factor (depending only on wavelength) and the temperature is determined for each channel by using Planck's radiation law with the condition that a relation N+K=M is kept among M of the number of channels, N of the number of specimens with unknown temperature values and K of the number of unknown terms of the approximated spectral factor of the specimens. Strict algebraic development of such relation is employed to cancel out all of the unknown terms of the spectral factor to obtain a one-dimensional equation concerning the sole temperature.

Abstract: Apparatus is disclosed for detecting the relative position or displacement between two movable bodies, wherein a reader or sensor mounted on one of the two bodies reads a code pattern on the other body. A code pattern is provided that represents a binary-coded base-n number, each digit of a base-n number being represented by each of first, second, third, . . . , and m-th unit-distance codes (where m being the least submultiple except 1 of the base-n number system), these codes in turn being converted into a common binary code so that the relative position or displacement between the two bodies may be represented by the binary-coded base-n number.