Abstract: A phase shifting method and a phase shifter are provided. The phase shifter comprises a first (200) and a second (202) transmission line structure in parallel, the structures having a common input, each structure comprising cascaded forward and backward transmission lines and the same number of components. The component values of the second structure are equal to the component values of the first structure multiplied by a given proportionality constant.

Abstract: An apparatus includes a number of electrically conductive spaced apart elements, and a ground plane situated at least partially in a space between at least two of the electrically conductive spaced apart elements. The apparatus further includes one or more wire media situated over at least a portion of and coupled to the ground plane, the one or more wire media situated at least partially in the space between the at least two electrically conductive spaced apart elements. Radiating elements may be used as the electrically conductive spaced apart elements to create an antenna. Such an antenna and apparatus may also include a conductive mesh, connecting tips of the pins (also called “wires”) of the wire medium. The wire medium and the conductive mesh can reduce coupling between the electrically conductive spaced apart elements (e.g., radiating elements). The apparatus can be formed at least in part in a semiconductor.