Abstract: An electronic price indicator according to an embodiment includes a display displaying product information, an NFC module configured to communicate with a user terminal, a Bluetooth module configured to communicate with the user terminal, and a processor configured to control the display to display the product information received from the user terminal through the Bluetooth module. The processor is further configured to release a sleep mode when receiving an interrupt from the user terminal through the NFC module, and perform Bluetooth communication with the user terminal by initiating a scan for a predetermined period of time to receive an advertising signal from the user terminal.

Abstract: A device for producing nanoparticles includes: a first connector comprising a first supply tube fitting member, a second supply tube fitting member, and a first discharge tube fitting member; a first tube having one side connected to the first supply tube fitting member; a second tube having one side connected to the second supply tube fitting member; a first conduit having one side connected to the first discharge tube fitting member; a first supply connected to another side of the first tube to supply a first material to the first conduit; and a second supply connected to another side of the second tube to supply a second material to the first conduit.

Abstract: Embodiments include methods of powerline communications using a preamble with band extension is provided. A method may include receiving a packet data unit PDU. Bit-level repetition is applied to at least a portion of the PDU to create a repeated portion. Interleaving is performed per a subchannel. Pilot tones are inserted in the interleaved portion. Each data tone is modulated with respect to a nearest one of the inserted pilot tones. The PDU is transmitted over a power line.

Abstract: In a disclosed embodiment, a power line communication (PLC) transmitter includes a forward error correction (FEC) encoder that receives payload data and adds parity information to the data to create an encoded output, a fragmenter that receives the encoded output from the FEC encoder and segments the encoded output into a plurality of fragments, a fragment repetition encoder that receives the plurality of fragments from the fragmenter and copies each of the fragments a selected number of times, and an interleaver that receives the copies of the plurality of fragments from the fragment repetition encoder and interleaves the copies of the plurality of fragments for transmission on a power line.

Abstract: Embodiments include methods of powerline communications using a preamble with band extension is provided. A method may include receiving a packet data unit PDU. Bit-level repetition is applied to at least a portion of the PDU to create a repeated portion. Interleaving is performed per a subchannel. Pilot tones are inserted in the interleaved portion. Each data tone is modulated with respect to a nearest one of the inserted pilot tones. The PDU is transmitted over a power line.

Abstract: In a disclosed embodiment, a power line communication (PLC) transmitter includes a forward error correction (FEC) encoder that receives payload data and adds parity information to the data to create an encoded output, a fragmenter that receives the encoded output from the FEC encoder and segments the encoded output into a plurality of fragments, a fragment repetition encoder that receives the plurality of fragments from the fragmenter and copies each of the fragments a selected number of times, and an interleaver that receives the copies of the plurality of fragments from the fragment repetition encoder and interleaves the copies of the plurality of fragments for transmission on a power line.

Abstract: A communication system and method includes a receiver for receiving a communication signal coupled through a physical medium in accordance with a protocol. An interface formed in a single substrate receives from the receiver an indication of the signal strength of the received communication signal. The interface also decodes the information contained in the received communication signal. For example, the interface sends the information decoded from the received communication signal to a first application for consuming the decoded information. The interface also sends the indication of the signal strength of the received communication signal to a second application for generating a quality determination of the physical medium in response to the indication of the signal strength of the received communication signal.

Abstract: A method of generating a channel hopping sequence for a link in a wireless sensor network includes receiving performance quality data for respective frequency channels of frequency channels in the link in a monitoring system, determining a channel quality indicator (CQI) by the monitoring system for each frequency channel based on the respective performance quality data, and determining a repetition factor by the monitoring system for each frequency channel based on the respective CQI. A repetition factor for a frequency channel indicates a number of times the frequency channel is repeated in the channel hopping sequence.

Abstract: In a disclosed embodiment, a power line communication (PLC) transmitter includes a forward error correction (FEC) encoder that receives payload data and adds parity information to the data to create an encoded output, a fragmenter that receives the encoded output from the FEC encoder and segments the encoded output into a plurality of fragments, a fragment repetition encoder that receives the plurality of fragments from the fragmenter and copies each of the fragments a selected number of times, and an interleaver that receives the copies of the plurality of fragments from the fragment repetition encoder and interleaves the copies of the plurality of fragments for transmission on a power line.

Abstract: A network system comprising a first network element and a second network element. The first network element is programmed to provide the step of first, communicating to the second network element a plurality of configuration parameter sets. Each configuration parameter set corresponds to a respective frame fragment and comprises a parameter value that differs in value from the parameter value in another configuration parameter set in the plurality of configuration parameter sets. The first network element also is programmed to provide the step of second, communicating a frame, to the second network element, in a plurality of frame fragments, wherein each frame fragment in the plurality of frame fragments is communicated according to a respective parameter value in the plurality of configuration parameter sets.

Abstract: Nonvolatile memory device includes a memory cell array including pages, each of the pages including memory cells storing data bits, each of the data bits being selectable by a different threshold voltage, a page buffer circuit coupled to the memory cell array through bit-lines, the page buffer circuit including page buffers to sense data from selected memory cells, and perform a first read operation and a second read operation, each including two sequential sensing operations to determine one data state, and each of the page buffers including a latch configured to sequentially store results of the two sequential sensing operations, and a control circuit to control the page buffers to store a result of the first read operation, reset the latches after completion of the first read operation, and perform the second read operation based on a valley determined based on the result of the first read operation.

Abstract: A dual clutch transmission which can reduce the overall length of a transmission and improve mountability in the vehicle by simplifying the constituent elements of the transmission, is configured by reducing the number of synchronizers and external gears and shafts, and a drive motor is not disposed on the same axle as other constituent elements to reduce the overall length of the transmission, reducing cost and weight of the transmission to improve mountability of the transmission in the vehicle.

Abstract: Provided is a nonvolatile memory device and an operating method thereof. The operating method for programming a first memory block from among a plurality of memory blocks includes: programming a first word line connected to the first memory block by sequentially executing first to Nth (N is a natural number) programming loops; applying a voltage generated by regulating a first pump voltage of a first charge pump to the first word line as a dummy verifying voltage after the programming is completed; generating a first detection count based on the first pump voltage and a first reference voltage; and outputting a bad block setting signal for setting the first memory block as a bad block based on a result of comparing the first detection count with the first reference count.

Abstract: Provided are a nonvolatile memory and a method of operating the same. The nonvolatile memory includes a first sub-block defined by a first string select line and a first word line; a second sub-block defined by a second string select line different from the first string select line and a second word line different from the first word line; a first vacant block defined by the first string select line and the second word line; and a second vacant block defined by the second string select line and the first word line. First data is programmed in the first sub-block with, second data is programmed in the second sub-block, and no data is programmed in the first vacant block and the second vacant block.

Abstract: A method of operating a nonvolatile memory device is provided where the nonvolatile memory device includes a plurality of cell strings, and each cell string includes a plurality of multi-level cells. a voltage of a selected word line is sequentially changed to sequentially have a plurality of read voltages for determining threshold voltage states of the plurality of multi-level cells. A voltage of an adjacent word line adjacent to the selected word line is sequentially changed in synchronization with voltage changing time points of the selected word line. A load of the selected word line is reduced and an operation speed of the nonvolatile memory device is increased by synchronizing the voltage change of the selected word line and the voltage change of the adjacent word line in the same direction.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention provide a lateral flow assay method and strip wherein a sample is injected into a sample pad, a preconcentration kit is coupled to the sample pad to preconcentrate analytes, and a conjugate pad or a test pad is connected to the sample pad to transfer the analytes to the conjugate pad or the test pad, whereby a biomarker present at a low concentration can be detected.

Abstract: A nonvolatile memory device may include a page buffer including a plurality of latch sets that latch each page datum of selected memory cells among a plurality of memory cells according to each of read signal sets including at least one read signal, and a control logic configured to detect a degradation level of the memory cells and determine a read parameter applied to at least one of the read signal sets based on the detected degradation level.

Abstract: Embodiments of the invention provide multiple cyclic prefix lengths for either both the data-payload and frame control header or only the data payload. Frame control header (FCH) and data symbols have an associated cyclic prefix. A table is transmitted in the FCH symbols, which includes a cyclic prefix field to identify the cyclic prefix length used in the data payload. A receiver may know the cyclic prefix length used in the FCH symbols in one embodiment. In other embodiments, the receiver does not know the FCH cyclic prefix length and, therefore, attempts to decode the FCH symbols using different possible cyclic prefix lengths until the FCH symbols are successfully decoded.

Abstract: In a disclosed embodiment, a power line communication (PLC) transmitter includes a forward error correction (FEC) encoder that receives payload data and adds parity information to the data to create an encoded output, a fragmenter that receives the encoded output from the FEC encoder and segments the encoded output into a plurality of fragments, a fragment repetition encoder that receives the plurality of fragments from the fragmenter and copies each of the fragments a selected number of times, and an interleaver that receives the copies of the plurality of fragments from the fragment repetition encoder and interleaves the copies of the plurality of fragments for transmission on a power line.

Abstract: A method of encoding a first bit and a second bit for transmission on a transmission band is provided. The method includes receiving a bit stream that includes the first and second bits, mapping the first bit into a first symbol, mapping the second bit into a second symbol, differentially encoding at least the first symbol and the second symbol, and causing the first and second symbols to be transmitted on a transmission band as part of a symbol stream.