Abstract: A liquid crystal display apparatus has scanning lines, signal lines, active elements, pixel electrodes, common lines and opposed electrodes, arranged on one of a pair of substrates.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display featuring excellent visibility with both good brightness and a high contrast ratio uses a projection optical system in which a polarizing plate, a first phase plate and a second phase plate in which the retardation of each of the phase plates and a gradient of wavelength dispersion of the retardation can be freely set, a liquid crystal layer, and a reflection plate are arranged in parallel and a transmitted light is reflected by the reflection plate. A gradient of one of the phase plates is set to an extremely steep gradient, a gradient of the other phase plate is set to an extremely flat gradient, and the wavelength dispersion of a retardation composite value obtained from the liquid crystal layer and the two phase plates is approximated to a retardation curve expressed by a relational expression of (0.25+0.5n)&lgr;, where (n) is an integer and &lgr; is a wavelength (nm) of the transmitted light.

Abstract: A light illumination apparatus comprising a light source on a lateral side of a light-pipe, and a reflector on the backside of the light-pipe, further comprising an air layer or the like between the light-pipe and the reflector, and, in order that light coming from a light source into the light-pipe is emitted from a light emission plane, the apparatus further comprising a light scattering control layer disposed at a portion of the light-pipe and having directivity in a direction substantially normal to the light emission plane, a means for substantially removing light scattering characteristics of a predetermined region of the light scattering control layer so as to satisfy the conditions for totally internal reflection of the incident light from the light source at an interface of the light-pipe, and a means for moving the predetermined region, wherein the time average amount of emitted light is substantially equal in each of all light emission regions, and there is time when the light emissive region subst

Abstract: A lighting unit is provided which comprises: a plurality of linear light sources arranged in parallel; light-guiding plates arranged along said light sources; light diffusion means arranged at the top of said light sources and light-guiding plates; and reflection means arranged at the bottom of the light sources; wherein said lighting unit is characterized in that the surface of each light-guiding plate is flat, in that the reverse side of the light-guiding plate includes an inclined face of a curvilinear shape that thins down as the inclined face is more distanced from the light source, and in that when a position relatively near the light source and a position relatively far from the light source, on the reverse side of the light-guiding plate, are inclined by &thgr;n1 and &thgr;f1, respectively, the relationship of &thgr;n1≧&thgr;f1 is satisfied and the angle-of-inclination of the thinnest portion on the reverse side of the light-guiding plate is 0 degrees.

Abstract: A display apparatus which can display a ultra-high definition picture and high-speed animation is provided.

Abstract: A display device is constituted by a display module which determines a plurality of pieces of pixels as belonging to one block unit, selects the plurality of pixels in each block unit at the same time and displays a picture image by adding one or a plurality of specific patterns each having different spatial frequencies of each block unit; a display control unit which controls the display module; a picture image signal generation unit which generates picture image signals; and a computing circuit which generates the specific patterns each having different spatial frequencies while weighting the same based on the picture image signals for every block unit. Thereby, a display device which reduces the signal clock frequency as well as increases the signal writing time, enhances the opening rate of an LC panel and permits a highly fine display and a high speed motion picture display, is obtained.

Abstract: High density of an electron emission at a low applied voltage is achieved for electron emitters and various products utilizing the emitters by hydrogenating lattice carbons of graphite crystallite of carbon nanotube or carbon film and thus forming >CH— bonding group.

Abstract: A display apparatus is capable of adapting to sufficiently increase display frequency even with an optical modulation element which has fairly low response speed and can rewrite image at high speed. The display apparatus of a system separately performs mapping of display data for optical modulation element of each pixel and application of gradation information. The display apparatus divides a display period of one frame into a plurality of sub-frames, controls input value for the optical modulation element independently per each sub-frame in the plurality of sub-frames, and displays image with gradation display by the optical modulation element.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display having a pair of substrates having electrodes on opposing surfaces thereof, at least one of the substrates being transparent. A continuous liquid crystal layer is sandwiched between the pair of substrates and the liquid crystal layer includes first and second liquid crystal gel layers each with polymer enabling alignment. A direction of orientation of the liquid crystal molecules included in the first liquid crystal gel layer is orthogonal to a direction of orientation of the liquid crystal molecules included in the second liquid crystal gel layer.

Abstract: A backlight device having a light source, a waveguide provided close to the light source, this waveguide being a wedge-shaped waveguide so constructed that the incident light from the light source can be greatly changed in its direction and made to exit therefrom, a polarizing beam splitter provided on the light-exiting side of the wedge-shaped waveguide, and a light converter disposed on the light-exiting side of the polarizing beam splitter. This backlight device is used for liquid crystal displays.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display apparatus includes a liquid crystal panel having a pair of substrates, a plurality of electrodes formed on at least one of the pair of substrates and a liquid crystal layer sandwiched between the pair of substrates, and a light source provided on the back surface of the liquid crystal panel. The light source has the luminous characteristic with the chromaticity of a warm color family, and the liquid crystal panel has a spectral transmission characteristic with the chromaticity of a cold color family, whereby the color of the light source can be compensated.

Abstract: A color liquid crystal display device includes a liquid crystal element, an optical path conversion element array and a hologram. The liquid crystal element has a blue pixel B, a red pixel R, and a green pixel G, which are arranged plainly, and a liquid crystal layer. The optical path conversion element array converts external light into approximately parallel light. The hologram separates light from the optical path conversion element array into a light having a wavelength range of the three primary colors and irradiates pixels R, G and B corresponding to the liquid crystal element.

Abstract: A backlight device having a light source, a waveguide provided close to the light source, this waveguide being a wedge-shaped waveguide so constructed that the incident light from the light source can be greatly changed in its direction and made to exit therefrom, a polarizing beam splitter provided on the light-exiting side of the wedge-shaped waveguide, and a light converter disposed on the light-exiting side of the polarizing beam splitter. This backlight device is used for liquid crystal displays.

Abstract: A reflective liquid crystal display apparatus realizing a bright image display without using a backlight is provided. In this reflective liquid crystal display apparatus, a reflecting electrode having a scattering property and a directional property is manufactured using a small number of steps. A pattern of unevenness, such as a polygonal pattern, a cylindrical pattern, and the like, is formed on an insulating substrate utilizing a material layer formed for composing switching devices. By causing the unevenness of the pattern to influence the surface contour of the reflecting electrodes, it becomes possible to give both a scattering property and a directional property to the surface of the reflecting electrodes.

Abstract: In a polarizing beam converter, a uniaxial anisotropic transparent medium is inserted and supported between isotropic transparent media; and an optical axis of said uniaxial anisotropic transparent medium is arranged almost perpendicular to an incident light beam or an incident face of the incident light beam at an interface between the isotropic transparent medium and the uniaxial anisotropic transparent medium. A half wavelength plate is placed with an inclined angle of 45.degree. relative to a polarization axis for either of a reflected light component or a transmitted light component at the interface. The retractive index of the isotropic medium, n.sub.p, and a refraction index n.sub.e greater than n.sub.0, of the uniaxial anisotropic transparent medium are substantially equal to one another. Further, at the interface of the isotropic medium and the uniaxial anisotropic transparent medium, an incident angle satisfying sin(.theta.).gtoreq.n.sub.0 /n.sub.p for satisfying a total reflection angle.

Abstract: A liquid crystal layer comprising a liquid crystal display has first and second liquid crystal gel layers orientated so that polymer threads are of fixed directions within a dichroic liquid crystal. The direction of orientation of the polymer threads included in the first liquid crystal gel layer and the direction of orientation of the polymer threads included in the second liquid crystal gel layer are orthogonal with respect to each other.

Abstract: A reflective liquid crystal display device has a liquid crystal cell formed by laminating upper and lower orientation layers 11 and 21, upper and lower electrodes 14 and 24, upper and lower substrates 12 and 22, and upper and lower polarizers 13 and 23 arranged in order above and below a liquid crystal layer 10 so that they may face their counterparts respectively. The liquid crystal cell is provided with viewing angle dependence so that the light transmission ratio of the dark display section to the bright display section for the light incident at the required angle may be less than 2 at the required azimuth angle of the liquid crystal cell, and the direction of the required azimuth angle is aligned with the direction of the main light source incident into the liquid crystal cell.

Abstract: A reflective liquid crystal display apparatus has a liquid crystal display part composed of at least a liquid crystal layer and a pair of polarizers holding the liquid crystal layer therebetween, for display of bright and dark states in a mode of transmitting and shielding external light in a direction approximately normal to a display plane, and a reflecting part for reflecting the external light which has been transmitted through the liquid crystal display part. The liquid crystal display part has a property where it can transmit external light in a designated direction other than in a direction approximately normal to the display plane even in a mode of shielding the external light, and the reflecting part reflects the external light received in the designated direction so as to transmit the external light once again through the liquid crystal display part in a direction approximately normal to the display plane.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device comprising: (a) a liquid crystal layer arranged between substrates each having an electrode; (b) a pair of polarizers arranged so as to sandwich the liquid crystal layer; (c) a birefringent medium arranged between the liquid crystal layer and at least one of the polarizers, when a voltage is applied so that liquid crystal molecules at boundary regions facing said substrates have different tilt angles from other molecules, retardation in said birefringent medium being equal or close to remaining retardation due to the liquid crystal molecules at boundary regions, and the slow axis of said birefringent medium being set for an angle to compensate for said remaining retardation; and (d) control means for changing transmission of said liquid crystal layer by applying voltages of two or more values between said electrodes.

Abstract: A method of driving a gray scale and a drive circuit therefor are provided in which the simplification and reduction of the operating speed of a circuit for generating display voltages in a matrix display device are promoted, and low cost and multi-color display of high minuteness are simultaneously realized. The display circuit for generating the display voltages is composed of an image signal processing circuit for dividing an input digital image signal into plural bit groups, a first display voltage generating circuit for generating the display voltages corresponding to the first bit group obtained by the division, a second display voltage generating circuit for generating the display voltages corresponding to the second bit group obtained by the division, and a line-at-a-time timing circuit. The first and second display voltage generating circuits are operated in parallel to combine the outputs thereof with one another, thereby to generate a gray scale displaying voltage.