Abstract: A method of manufacturing a display apparatus includes forming a first electrode on a substrate, forming a pixel-defining layer on the first electrode, the pixel-defining layer including an opening through which at least part of the first electrode is exposed, and performing a first dry cleaning on a surface of the at least part of the first electrode that is exposed through the opening. An indium-fluorine bond is formed on the surface of the at least part of the first electrode through the first dry cleaning.

Abstract: A display panel includes a display element layer including a pixel defining film having a pixel opening defined therein and a light emitting element. An encapsulation layer is disposed on the display element layer. The encapsulation layer includes a first inorganic encapsulation film. An organic encapsulation film is disposed on the first inorganic encapsulation film. A second inorganic encapsulation film is disposed on the organic encapsulation film. The second inorganic encapsulation film has a refractive index in a range of about 1.89 to about 2.20.

Abstract: A light-emitting device includes: a substrate including a first subpixel, as second subpixel, and a third subpixel; a plurality of first electrodes respectively in the first subpixel, the second subpixel, and the third subpixel of the substrate; a second electrode facing the first electrode; an emission layer located between the plurality of first electrodes and the second electrode; a hole injection layer between the plurality of first electrodes and the emission layer; a first common layer between the hole injection layer and the emission layer, the first common layer integrated with the first subpixel, the second subpixel, and the third subpixel; a second common layer between the hole injection layer and the first common layer, the second common layer integrated with the first subpixel, the second subpixel, and the third subpixel, wherein the first common layer and the second common layer satisfy certain conditions.

Abstract: A light-emitting device includes: a first electrode; a second electrode facing the first electrode; an emission layer located between the first electrode and the second electrode; and an electron transport region located between the second electrode and the emission layer, wherein the electron transport region includes an electron injection layer including a first material and a second material, the first material and the second material each independently include an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, a rare earth metal, or any combination thereof, each of the first material and the second material does not include any halide of the alkali metal, and the first material and the second material are different from each other.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a display apparatus includes forming a first electrode on a substrate, forming a pixel-defining layer on the first electrode, the pixel-defining layer including an opening through which at least part of the first electrode is exposed, and performing a first dry cleaning on a surface of the at least part of the first electrode that is exposed through the opening. An indium-fluorine bond is formed on the surface of the at least part of the first electrode through the first dry cleaning.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a display apparatus includes: forming a pixel electrode on a substrate; forming a pixel defining layer covering at least an edge of the pixel electrode and including an opening exposing a part of the pixel electrode; performing first dry cleaning by adding oxygen gas (O2) to a surface of the pixel electrode exposed by the opening in the pixel defining layer, wherein the oxygen gas (O2) is added at a flow rate in a range of about 1,200 sccm to about 3,600 sccm; performing second dry cleaning after the first dry cleaning; forming an intermediate layer on the pixel electrode after the second dry cleaning; and forming an opposite electrode on the intermediate layer and the pixel defining layer.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a display apparatus includes: forming a pixel electrode on a substrate; forming a pixel defining layer covering at least an edge of the pixel electrode and including an opening exposing a part of the pixel electrode; performing first dry cleaning by adding oxygen gas (O2) to a surface of the pixel electrode exposed by the opening in the pixel defining layer, wherein the oxygen gas (O2) is added at a flow rate in a range of about 1,200 sccm to about 3,600 sccm; performing second dry cleaning after the first dry cleaning; forming an intermediate layer on the pixel electrode after the second dry cleaning; and forming an opposite electrode on the intermediate layer and the pixel defining layer.

Abstract: An organic light-emitting device including: a first electrode, a hole transport region including a first hole transport layer (HTL), an emission layer, an electron transport region; and a second electrode; wherein the first HTL includes a first compound and a second compound, the emission layer includes a third compound and a fourth compound, the electron affinity of the second compound is greater than the electron affinity of the first compound, a lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy level of the fourth compound is greater than a LUMO energy level of the third compound, the second compound and the third compound are different from each other, and the minimum anionic dissociation energy of the second compound is greater than the triplet energy of the third compound.

Abstract: A light-emitting device includes: a substrate including a first subpixel, as second subpixel, and a third subpixel; a plurality of first electrodes respectively in the first subpixel, the second subpixel, and the third subpixel of the substrate; a second electrode facing the first electrode; an emission layer located between the plurality of first electrodes and the second electrode; a hole injection layer between the plurality of first electrodes and the emission layer; a first common layer between the hole injection layer and the emission layer, the first common layer integrated with the first subpixel, the second subpixel, and the third subpixel; a second common layer between the hole injection layer and the first common layer, the second common layer integrated with the first subpixel, the second subpixel, and the third subpixel, wherein the first common layer and the second common layer satisfy certain conditions.

Abstract: Provided are condensed cyclic compounds represented by Formula 1: and an organic light-emitting device having the compounds which has decreased driving voltage, higher efficiency, and increased overall lifespan.

Abstract: A compound for an organic light-emitting device, the compound represented by Chemical Formula 1 and satisfying Mathematical Formula 1: ES1<2ET1<ET2,??Mathematical Formula 1 wherein, in Mathematical Formula 1, ES1 is a first singlet energy of the compound; ET1 is a first triplet energy of the compound; and ET2 is a second triplet energy of the compound.

Abstract: A display apparatus includes an emission portion disposed on a substrate and comprising an intermediate layer; and an encapsulation portion sealing the emission portion by overlapping the emission portion, wherein the intermediate layer comprises at least two organic materials, the organic materials having different phase transition temperatures at a first saturated vapor pressure in a range from 5×10?4 Torr to 3×10?2 Torr, and the difference between the phase transition temperatures being less than or equal to 5° C.

Abstract: Provided are condensed cyclic compounds and an organic light-emitting device having the compounds which has decreased driving voltage, higher efficiency, and increased overall lifespan.

Abstract: An organic light-emitting device including: a first electrode, a hole transport region including a first hole transport layer (HTL), an emission layer, an electron transport region; and a second electrode; wherein the first HTL includes a first compound and a second compound, the emission layer includes a third compound and a fourth compound, the electron affinity of the second compound is greater than the electron affinity of the first compound, a lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy level of the fourth compound is greater than a LUMO energy level of the third compound, the second compound and the third compound are different from each other, and the minimum anionic dissociation energy of the second compound is greater than the triplet energy of the third compound.

Abstract: A display apparatus includes an emission portion disposed on a substrate and comprising an intermediate layer; and an encapsulation portion sealing the emission portion by overlapping the emission portion, wherein the intermediate layer comprises at least two organic materials, the organic materials having different phase transition temperatures at a first saturated vapor pressure in a range from 5×10?4 Torr to 3×10?2 Torr, and the difference between the phase transition temperatures being less than or equal to 5° C.

Abstract: A compound for an organic light-emitting device, the compound represented by Chemical Formula 1 and satisfying Mathematical Formula 1: ES1<2ET1<ET2,??Mathematical Formula 1 wherein, in Mathematical Formula 1, ES1 is a first singlet energy of the compound; ET1 is a first triplet energy of the compound; and ET2 is a second triplet energy of the compound.