Abstract: A display apparatus including a display substrate, a light-emitting device on the display substrate, an encapsulation substrate on the light-emitting device and bonded to the display substrate, and a diffraction-grating layer on a top surface of the encapsulation substrate, wherein the diffraction-grating layer includes a plurality of diffraction patterns spaced apart from one another by a predetermined distance, and each of the plurality of diffraction patterns has a stacked structure of a lower layer and an upper layer, wherein the lower and upper layers include different materials.

Abstract: A welding and processing condition setting system includes an input device, a display device, a control device, and a database. The input device receives a retrieving operation of at least processing condition information input by an operator. The control device is configured to extract a processing condition parameter of the processing condition information from at least one of master condition data and user condition data according to the retrieving operation, extract a welding condition parameter of welding condition information corresponding to the extracted processing condition parameter from at least one of the master condition data and the user condition data, and calculate an evaluation item which is a result obtained by evaluating at least one of a welding amount and a working efficiency in the extracted welding condition parameters. The display device displays at least one parameter of the welding condition parameters, and the evaluation item.

Abstract: An ozone sanitizing circulating water apparatus and method using a recirculating water pickup, pump, and water quality sensors for providing a water stream to a mixing venturi that is also connected to ozone generators to supply the water to a dispensing faucet. A capturing hood is flowably connected to a fan and an ozone neutralization system to capture and render inert any excess ozone generation. A fresh water valve, user inputs, operation indicators, and ozone generators are all connected to a control system for monitoring and control of the system to maintain safe and effective operation.

Abstract: Various examples are provided for hydrothermally grown BaTiO3, SrTiO3, and BaxSr1?xTiO3 on TiO2 nanotube layers, which can be used in ultra-high charge density capacitors. In one example, a method includes forming a first anodized titanium oxide (ATO) layer on a layer of titanium by anodization, the first ATO layer having a nanotubular morphology; removing the first ATO layer from the layer of titanium; forming a second ATO layer having a nanotubular morphology on the layer of titanium by anodization; and hydrothermally growing a layer of MTiO3 on a surface of the second ATO layer, where M is Ba, Sr, or BaxSr1?x. In another example, an ultra-high density charge capacitor includes a first electrode layer; an ATO layer disposed on the first electrode layer; a layer of MTiO3 on a surface of the ATO layer; and a second electrode layer disposed on the layer of MTiO3.

Abstract: A memory device a plurality of memory banks, a hammer address manager, and a refresh controller. The hammer address manager manages access addresses with respect to the plurality of memory banks and provides a hammer address for a hammer refresh operation among the access addresses, the hammer address being the access address that is accessed more than other access addresses. The refresh controller generates a hammer refresh address signal based on the hammer address, the hammer refresh address signal corresponding to a row that is physically adjacent to a row corresponding to the hammer address such that the row physically adjacent to the row corresponding to the hammer address is refreshed by the hammer refresh operation.

Abstract: A motor control apparatus of a motor driven power steering (MDPS) system may include: a steering logic controller configured to calculate a current command value for motor control, and transmit the current command value; a current measurement sensor configured to measure a current applied to the motor; and a controller configured to calculate a motor position increment based on the current command value received from the steering logic controller, the measured current value received from the current measurement sensor, and previously stored motor parameters, estimate a current motor position by integrating the calculated motor position increments, and control the motor using the estimated current motor position.

Abstract: An electronic device includes a charging circuitry; a communication circuitry; a display; a processor; and a memory configured to store instructions that, when executed by the processor, cause the processor to: receive information regarding a remaining capacity of a rechargeable battery of a stylus related to the electronic device from the stylus by using the communication circuitry; based on it being identified that the remaining capacity of the battery is less than a reference value, display a first indication for guiding that charging of the battery is required by using the display; and, in response to it being identified that the stylus contacts the display while displaying the first indication, provide power for charging the battery by using the charging circuitry to the stylus, and to change the first indication to a second indication for indicating that the battery is being charged by using the display.

Abstract: A method includes: providing a DDR interface between a host memory controller and a memory module; and providing a message interface between the host memory controller and the memory module. The memory module includes a non-volatile memory and a DRAM configured as a DRAM cache of the non-volatile memory. Data stored in the non-volatile memory of the memory module is asynchronously accessible by a non-volatile memory controller of the memory module, and data stored in the DRAM cache is directly and synchronously accessible by the host memory controller.

Abstract: A mandrel structure includes a first mandrel, a second mandrel and a third mandrel in a parallel arrangement. The second mandrel is located between the first and third mandrels and has a cut larger than a minimum ground rule feature. A sidewall layer is formed over the mandrel structure. The sidewall layer has two long parallel gaps for two contact lines and a third gap for a fuse element. The third gap is orthogonal to and connects the two long parallel gaps. The sidewall pattern is used to form a trench structure comprising two parallel contact line trenches having a width at least as great as a ground rule of the patterning process for the contact lines and an orthogonal fuse element trench having a width less than the ground rule for the fuse element. A conductive material forms the contact lines and a fuse element.

Abstract: A spin coater includes a rotatable chuck structure configured to hold a substrate, a bowl enclosing the substrate and guiding a flow of a fluid around the substrate to a bottom of the bowl, and a flow controller detachably coupled to the bowl such that the flow controller is arranged between the bowl and an edge of the substrate and separates the flow into a linear flow and a non-linear flow.

Abstract: An electronic device and a method for controlling the electronic device are disclosed. The electronic device includes a memory and a processor electrically connected with the memory. The memory stores instructions to be executed by the processor. The processor is configured to obtain a user voice, determine a response level of the user voice, when the response level of the user voice is a first response level, perform an operation corresponding to the user voice based on a time point of obtaining the user voice, and when the response level of the user voice is a second response level, perform the operation corresponding to the user voice based on a time point of detecting an additional event.

Abstract: A semiconductor memory device includes a memory cell array, an error correction code (ECC) engine, a refresh control circuit, a scrubbing control circuit and a control logic circuit. The refresh control circuit generates refresh row addresses for refreshing a memory region on memory cell rows in response to a first command received from a memory controller. The scrubbing control circuit counts the refresh row addresses and generates a scrubbing address for performing a scrubbing operation on a first memory cell row of the memory cell rows whenever the scrubbing control circuit counts N refresh row addresses of the refresh row addresses. The ECC engine reads first data corresponding to a first codeword, from at least one sub-page in the first memory cell row, corrects at least one error bit in the first codeword and writes back the corrected first codeword in a corresponding memory location.

Abstract: There is provided an electroluminescence display device and driving method thereof. The electroluminescence display device can include an electroluminescence element in each of a plurality of pixels, a pixel driving circuit for driving the electroluminescence element, a gate driver and a data driver for generating signals for driving the pixel driving circuit to be switchable between a first refresh rate and a second refresh rate, and an emission signal generator for generating an emission signal having a first duty ratio supplied to the pixel driving circuit when the pixel driving circuit is driven at the first refresh rate and generating the emission signal having a second duty ratio supplied to the pixel driving circuit when the pixel driving circuit is driven at the second refresh rate. Accordingly, uniform brightness can be displayed regardless of the driving refresh rate for reducing the recognizable image distortion phenomenon.

Abstract: A beer maker may include: a fermentation container having a beer brewing space, a thermoelectric module (or device) for heating or cooling inside of the housing, an ingredient supplying device, and a main channel connecting the ingredient supplying device and the beer brewing space to each other. Ingredients may be fermented in the fermentation vessel container, which is protected by a housing. Ingredients may be provided into the beer brewing space in a state that a lid is closed, a foreign substance may be minimized from being contained in the beer.

Abstract: A neuromorphic memory system including neuromorphic memory arrays. The neuromorphic memory system includes a presynaptic neuron circuit coupled to a postsynaptic neuron circuit by a resistive memory cell. The method includes generating a presynaptic LIF pulse on a presynaptic LIF line at time t1. An activating operation activates an access transistor coupled to the presynaptic LIF line in response to the presynaptic LIF pulse. The access transistor enables LIF current to pass through the resistive memory cell to a postsynaptic LIF line. An integrating operation integrates the LIF current at the postsynaptic LIF line over time. A comparing operation compares a LIF voltage at the postsynaptic LIF line to a threshold voltage. A generating operation generates a postsynaptic spike timing dependent plasticity (STDP) pulse on a postsynaptic STDP line if the LIF voltage is beyond the threshold voltage.

Abstract: Provided is a light emitting device package. The light emitting device package comprises a body, a heat diffusing member, a light emitting diode (LED), and a buffer layer. A cavity with an opened topside is formed in the body. The heat dissipation member is disposed between a bottom surface of the cavity and a lower surface of the body. The LED is disposed on one of an electrode disposed on the bottom surface of the cavity. The buffer layer is disposed between the heat dissipation member and a pad and has a thickness thinner than a thickness of the heat dissipation member.

Abstract: Provided are technologies for data transmission and reception using an interworking interface between heterogeneous radio access network base stations, such as between NR and LTE, for a 5G non-standalone (NSA) network. A base station for controlling downlink data transmission may include a controller configured to setting up an X2 interface for transmitting the downlink data to a UE by interworking with another base station, a transmitter configured to transmit downlink use data information including information indicating whether to perform retransmission of an associated downlink data packet to another base station through the X2 interface, and a receiver configured to receive downlink data transfer status information from another base station through the X2 interface.

Abstract: A semiconductor device includes a stack structure including conductive layers and insulating layers, which are alternately stacked; an opening including a first opening penetrating the stack structure and second openings protruding from the first opening; and a channel layer including channel regions located in the second openings and impurity regions located in the first opening, the impurity regions having an impurity concentration higher than that of the channel regions.

Abstract: A charge control apparatus and method for energy saving and high speed cell balancing, including when any one of a plurality of battery cells reaches a fully charged state, charging is temporarily stopped. Additionally, a battery cell with the lowest state of charge is determined to be a target for supplemental charging and the remaining battery cells are determined to be a target for forced discharging and when among the battery cells being forcedly discharged, the number of battery cells with the same state of charge as the state of charge of the battery cell being supplementally charged is equal to or larger than a reference number, cell balancing is stopped and charging is performed again.

Abstract: A wearable electronic device for transmitting and receiving a message with an external device is provided. The electronic device includes a display, a memory, a communication interface, a sensor module configured to sense at least one of a state of the wearable electronic device or a state of a user, an input device configured to receive at least one of a movement input or a rotation input, and at least one processor. The at least one processor is configured to, in response to receiving the message from the external device, enter an easy message mode depending on a predetermined condition, analyze the message to generate a plurality of reply messages, and change the plurality of reply messages in response to a user input to the input device.