Abstract: A memory system may include: a memory device including a plurality of memory blocks; and a memory controller configured to receive a write request including a logical address from an outside, to store write data corresponding to the write request in a first memory block among the plurality of memory blocks, wherein when a map information update is required and the write request is a sequential write operation, to store, in a second memory block, offset information related to a page of the first memory block in which the write data is lastly stored.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a functional food composition for enhancing muscular function and exercise performance and a method for preparing same. According to the present invention, provided is a composition which enables increased generation of factors associated with myogenesis and energy metabolism and thus enhances exercise performance and muscular function. More particularly, mitochondria and muscle cell synthesis is increased and muscular atrophy is inhibited, and thus muscle exercise effects can be increased and fatigue is reduced. The composition can be applied as a health function composition to various fields such as foods.

Abstract: A semiconductor package includes a first semiconductor chip, which includes a first semiconductor substrate and a first bonding layer on the first semiconductor substrate. A second semiconductor chip includes a second semiconductor substrate, a second bonding layer bonded to the first bonding layer, and a chip-through-via which penetrates the second semiconductor substrate and is connected to the second bonding layer. A passivation film extends along an upper side of the second semiconductor chip and does not extend along side-faces of the second semiconductor chip. The chip-through-via penetrates the passivation film. A multiple-gap-fill film extends along the upper side of the first semiconductor chip, the side faces of the second semiconductor chip, and the side faces of the passivation film. The multiple-gap-fill films includes an inorganic filling film and an organic filling film which are sequentially stacked on the first semiconductor chip.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a composition for preventing and treating a muscular disease, or improving muscular function, which contains Cudrania tricuspidata such as a pulverization product or an extract of Cudrania tricuspidata as an active ingredient. The Cudrania tricuspidata according to the present disclosure such as the pulverization product or extract of Cudrania tricuspidata has an effect of increasing the activity of mTOR, which is involved in muscle protein synthesis, and reducing the mRNA expression of MuRF-1 and atrogin-1, which are involved in muscle protein degradation, increases muscle mass and improves muscular function. Therefore, it may be usefully utilized in the prevention, alleviation or treatment of various muscular diseases such as atony, muscular atrophy, muscular dystrophy, muscle degeneration, muscle weakness, cachexia, sarcopenia, etc.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a composition for preventing or treating a muscle disorder, which includes a Chrysanthemum extract or 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid as an active ingredient, and specifically, it may be used to reduce mRNA expression of atrogin-1 and MuRF1, which are main biomarkers involved in muscle protein degradation and increase mRNA expression of the mTOR protein, which is a main biomarker involved in muscle protein formation, and myogenin and MyoD, which are biomarkers related to muscle differentiation, thereby reducing muscle loss, and thus the Chrysanthemum extract or 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid can be used in prevention and treatment of a muscle disorder, or improvement in muscle function. In addition, the Chrysanthemum extract or 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid increases the activity of SIRT1 and PGC-1?, which are the main biomarkers involved in exercise performance, thereby excellently enhancing exercise performance.

Abstract: The present invention relates to compositions for preventing or treating a muscle disease or improving muscle functions including a ganglioside. More specifically, the present invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition for preventing or treating a muscle disease, a food composition for preventing or ameliorating a muscle disease, and a cosmetic composition for preventing or ameliorating a muscle disease. Each of the compositions includes a ganglioside that increases the expression of proteins associated with muscle protein synthesis in muscle cells and an increase in muscle mass and inhibits the expression of enzymes involved in muscle protein degradation at the mRNA level.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a composition for preventing or treating a muscle disorder, which includes a chrysanthemum extract or 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid as an active ingredient, and specifically, it may be used to reduce mRNA expression of atrogin-1 and MuRF1, which are main biomarkers involved in muscle protein degradation and increase mRNA expression of the mTOR protein, which is a main biomarker involved in muscle protein formation, and myogenin and MyoD, which are biomarkers related to muscle differentiation, thereby reducing muscle loss, and thus the chrysanthemum extract or 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid can be used in prevention and treatment of a muscle disorder, or improvement in muscle function. In addition, the chrysanthemum extract or 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid increases the activity of SIRT1 and PGC-1?, which are the main biomarkers involved in exercise performance, thereby excellently enhancing exercise performance.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a functional food composition for enhancing muscular function and exercise performance and a method for preparing same. According to the present invention, provided is a composition which enables increased generation of factors associated with myogenesis and energy metabolism and thus enhances exercise performance and muscular function. More particularly, mitochondria and muscle cell synthesis is increased and muscular atrophy is inhibited, and thus muscle exercise effects can be increased and fatigue is reduced. The composition can be applied as a health function composition to various fields such as foods.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a composition for preventing and treating muscle diseases or improving muscular function, containing a Platycodon grandiflorum extract. More specifically, the present invention relates to: a pharmaceutical composition for preventing and treating muscle diseases, containing a Platycodon grandiflorum extract; a food composition for preventing muscle diseases or improving muscular function; or a cosmetic for improving muscular function. The Platycodon grandiflorum extract of the present invention increases muscle formation by inducing muscular protein synthesis and muscle cell differentiation. Therefore, the extract is a natural product so as to be used safely without side effects, thereby being usable as an active ingredient of a pharmaceutical, food, or cosmetic composition exhibiting an excellent effect in preventing and treating muscle diseases or improving muscular function.

Abstract: Vigna angularis var. angularis according to the present invention is capable of increasing muscle mass and enhancing muscular function or exercise performance through an effect of promoting mRNA or protein expression and the activity of a gene involved in muscle functions, muscle mass increase of differentiation of muscle cells; can prevent, treat or ameliorate a decline in exercise performance, a decline in muscle function, muscle loss, etc. caused by various diseases; and may be effectively used for medicines or food products, etc., since it has no side effects in the body as natural substance.

Abstract: An integrated circuit (IC) device includes a semiconductor substrate having a via hole extending through at least a part thereof, a conductive structure in the via hole, a conductive barrier layer adjacent the conductive structure; and a via insulating layer interposed between the semiconductor substrate and the conductive barrier layer. The conductive barrier layer may include an outer portion oxidized between the conductive barrier layer and the via insulating layer, and the oxidized outer portion of the conductive barrier layer may substantially surrounds the remaining portion of the conductive barrier layer.

Abstract: A composition for preventing or treating muscle diseases or improving muscular function, containing fucosterol, Sargassum fulvellum, a Sargassum fulvellum dried powder, a Sargassum fulvellum extract, Sargassum fusiforme, a Sargassum fusiforme dried powder or a Sargassum fusiforme extract is disclosed. Fucosterol, Sargassum fulvellum, a Sargassum fulvellum dried powder, a Sargassum fulvellum extract, Sargassum fusiforme, a Sargassum fusiforme dried powder or a Sargassum fusiforme extract increases the protein expression of p-mTOR, which is a main gene involved in muscle protein synthesis, inhibits the mRNA expression of MuRF-1 and atrogin-1 involved in muscle protein degradation, and increases the mRNA expression of MyoD and myogenin involved in muscle differentiation, thereby having an effect of remarkably increasing muscular function. In addition, the composition can be safely used without side effects, thereby being usable in medicine, food, cosmetic products, livestock feed, a feed additive and the like.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a composition for preventing and treating muscle diseases or improving muscular function, containing, as an active ingredient, at least one selected from the group consisting of morusin, kuwanon G, and a Mori Cortex Radicis extract. The Mori Cortex Radicis extract, morusin, or kuwanon G, according to the present invention, has an effect of remarkably enhancing muscular function by increasing the expression of p-mTOR protein involved in muscular protein synthesis, inhibiting the expression of mRNAs of MuRF-1 and atrogin-1 involved in muscular protein degradation, and increasing the expression of mRNAs of MyoD and myogenin involved in muscular differentiation. In addition, the present invention is a natural product so as to be used safely without side effects, thereby being usable in drugs, food, or cosmetics.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for preparing a Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb. extract. Further, the present invention provides a method for preparing a Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb. extract comprising the following steps of: subjecting Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a composition for preventing or treating a muscle disorder, which includes a chrysanthemum extract or 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid as an active ingredient, and specifically, it may be used to reduce mRNA expression of atrogin-1 and MuRF1, which are main biomarkers involved in muscle protein degradation and increase mRNA expression of the mTOR protein, which is a main biomarker involved in muscle protein formation, and myogenin and MyoD, which are biomarkers related to muscle differentiation, thereby reducing muscle loss, and thus the chrysanthemum extract or 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid can be used in prevention and treatment of a muscle disorder, or improvement in muscle function. In addition, the chrysanthemum extract or 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid increases the activity of SIRT1 and PGC-1?, which are the main biomarkers involved in exercise performance, thereby excellently enhancing exercise performance.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a composition for muscle function improvement or exercise ability enhancement, the composition including kirenol, a Siegesbeckia herba extract, or a fraction of the Siegesbeckia herba extract as an active ingredient. Kirenol, the Siegesbeckia herba extract containing kirenol, or the Siegesbeckia herba extract fraction according to the present invention has an excellent effect of increasing muscle mass by increasing the protein expression of p-mTOR, which is a major gene concerned with muscle functions. Also, kirenol, the Siegesbeckia herba extract containing kirenol, or the Siegesbeckia herba extract fraction according to the present invention has an effect of remarkably enhancing exercise ability by increasing the protein expression of PGC-1?, which is a major gene concerned with exercise ability. In addition, the present invention is a natural product, and thus is safe for use without side effects and can be used as a medicine or food.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a composition for preventing, treating, or ameliorating muscle disease or regenerating damaged muscles, comprising squalene. More specifically, the squalene of the present invention increases expression of proteins which are associated with muscle protein synthesis and muscle mass increase in muscle cells, inhibits, at an mRNA level, expression of enzymes involved in muscle protein degradation, and has an effect of rapidly restoring damaged muscles. In addition, the present invention relating to a natural product can be safely used without side effects, and thus can be used as medicines, foods, or cosmetics.

Abstract: Vigna angularis var. angularis according to the present invention is capable of increasing muscle mass and enhancing muscular function or exercise performance through an effect of promoting mRNA or protein expression and the activity of a gene involved in muscle functions, muscle mass increase of differentiation of muscle cells; can prevent, treat or ameliorate a decline in exercise performance, a decline in muscle function, muscle loss, etc. caused by various diseases; and may be effectively used for medicines or food products, etc., since it has no side effects in the body as natural substance.

Abstract: The present invention relates to use of a composition comprising a panduratin derivative or a boesenbergia pandurata extract as an effective ingredient, which suppresses the differentiation of osteoclasts to exhibit the effect of treating, preventing or ameliorating bone loss diseases and which can be used safely as a natural material without side effects, thus finding effective applications in drugs, quasi-drugs, or foods.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition containing Kaempferia parviflora Wall. Ex. Baker extracts for treating muscle diseases, and more specifically to a pharmaceutical composition containing, as an active ingredient, Kaempferia parviflora Wall. Ex. Baker extracts or flavone compound isolated therefrom for treating muscle diseases or a dietary composition for improving muscle function. Kaempferia parviflora Wall. Ex. Baker extracts or flavone compound isolated therefrom according to the present invention reduces protein catabolism in the muscles and increases muscle cell differentiation and anabolism, and is thus effective for preparing pharmaceutical composition for treating muscle diseases and dietary composition for improving muscle function.