Abstract: A method performed under a transport SDN (Software Defined Network) controller may include classifying respective ones of a plurality of target nodes as either first target nodes that belong to a first domain or second target nodes that belong to a second domain, selecting a first core node in the first domain and a second core node in the second domain, calculating a first pseudo-wire (PW) between the selected first core node and the classified first target nodes, and calculating a second pseudo-wire (PW) between the selected second core node and the classified second target nodes.

Abstract: A method performed under a transport SDN (Software Defined Network) controller may include classifying respective ones of a plurality of target nodes as either first target nodes that belong to a first domain or second target nodes that belong to a second domain, selecting a first core node in the first domain and a second core node in the second domain, calculating a first pseudo-wire (PW) between the selected first core node and the classified first target nodes, and calculating a second pseudo-wire (PW) between the selected second core node and the classified second target nodes.

Abstract: An apparatus for providing a contents service includes a service request receiver configured to receive a contents service request from a user device, a device information manager configured to determine a type of the user device, a virtual machine generator configured to acquire template information corresponding to the determined type of the user device, and to generate a virtual machine based on the acquired template information, wherein the virtual machine generates contents in a format specific to the user device and a contents provider configured to provide the user device with the generated contents.

Abstract: An apparatus for receiving contents through multiple channels includes a content manager configured to receive, from multiple content providing servers through the multiple channels, multiple packet data related to appropriate contents which is suitable for a user device, and transmit the appropriate contents to the user device by using the received multiple packet data and a transmission rate manager configured to set each of reference transmission rate ranges of each of the multiple content providing servers, wherein the content manager is further configured to receive the multiple packet data from the multiple content providing servers based on the reference transmission rate ranges set by the transmission rate manager.

Abstract: A space diversity receiver for use in a radio transmission system reduces a fading effect of a received signal and generates a constant output regardless of a variation of a signal-to-noise ratio of the received signal. The space diversity receiver compares a signal-to-noise ratio of a signal received from a first antenna and a signal-to-noise ratio of a signal received from a second antenna, so as to amplify the received signal having a higher signal-to-noise ratio and attenuate the received signal having a lower signal-to-noise ratio. The amplified signal is combined with the attenuated signal.

Abstract: A normalization circuit for preventing divergence of the normalizing voltage of a coupler used for diversity operation in a communication system includes: a phase detector for generating a phase detection signal corresponding to first and second phase differences of the signals received from first and second inputs; a normalizer including a reference voltage generator for normalizing the phase detection signal so as to alternatively output one of either a constant voltage value, or a reference voltage value in the event that the constant voltage value is less than the reference voltage value; a phase shifter for multiplying and adding output of the normalizer by and with the first and second phase differences; and an adder for adding the output of the phase shifter to the signals received from the second input.