Abstract: A driving method and apparatus for a liquid crystal display is provided in which a contrast ratio of data to be displayed can be expanded and the brightness of a back light can be changed using an accumulated result of a plurality of frames. In the driving method, data to be displayed is converted into brightness components and arranged into a histogram for each frame. Second data having an expanded contrast is generated using the histograms of at least two frames, including the histogram of the current frame. Averages of the histograms are calculated and used to control the brightness of the back light. The averages may be weighted such that frames closer to the current frame have a larger effect.

Abstract: An IC card for the operators of vehicles in traffic, with which a traffic-related business conducting apparatus is used, and a method using the same are provided. The card includes a data memory for recording and reading out data and a controller for reading out and recording the data stored the data memory. The data can selectively be input or output to/from an external device, so as to process the traffic-related business on-line or off-line with a central processing unit. Police business is enhanced in view of efficiency and security and drivers are provided with greater convenience.

Abstract: An IC card for credit transactions and a credit transactions apparatus and method using the IC card are provided. In an IC card for credit transactions includes a data memory portion and a controlling portion for reading out or recording data in the data memory portion, the data memory portion includes a user information area for recording information on the identification of a user, a transaction limit information area for recording information on the off-line transaction limit of the user, and a transaction particulars information area being divided into a plurality of sub-areas and for recording information on the transaction particulars of the user.

Abstract: An electronic passbook system including an electronic passbook card having two separate account namely a general account and an electronic wallet account, allowing the user to conduct cash deposit and cash withdrawal transactions flexibly, safely and efficiently in both an "on-line" mode and an "off-line" mode. The electronic passbook card has a data memory containing a general account information area for recording information for processing cash deposit and withdrawal transactions in an "on-line" mode, and an electronic wallet account information area for performing mutual transmission with the general account information area in an "on-line" mode and recording information for processing cash withdrawal transactions in an "off-line" mode.