Abstract: A semiconductor device including a first interlayer insulating film; a conductive pattern in the first interlayer insulating film; a resistance pattern on the conductive pattern; an upper etching stopper film spaced apart from the resistance pattern, extending in parallel with a top surface of the resistance pattern, and including a first metal; a lower etching stopper film on the conductive pattern, extending in parallel with a top surface of the first interlayer insulating film, and including a second metal; and a second interlayer insulating film on the upper etching stopper film and the lower etching stopper film, wherein a distance from a top surface of the second interlayer insulating film to a top surface of the upper etching stopper film is smaller than a distance from the top surface of the second interlayer insulating film to a top surface of the lower etching stopper film.

Abstract: An apparatus for preprocessing text according to a disclosed embodiment includes an acquisition unit that acquires text data including a plurality of grapheme, a conversion unit that converts the plurality of graphemes into a plurality of phonemes on the basis of previously set conversion rules, and a generation unit that generates one or more tokens by grouping the plurality of phonemes, by previously set number units, on the basis of an order in which the plurality of graphemes are depicted.

Abstract: Provided is a method of controlling water droplet movement including providing a substrate including a superhydrophobic surface on which a hydrophilic channel guiding water droplet movement is patterned, introducing a water droplet on the substrate, and modulating a slope of the superhydrophobic surface for the water droplet to move on the superhydrophobic surface along the hydrophilic channel. Here, a width of the hydrophilic channel is modulated for the water droplet to move on the superhydrophobic surface having a certain angle with respect to a ground.

Abstract: Provided is a method of controlling water droplet movement including providing a substrate including a superhydrophobic surface on which a hydrophilic channel guiding water droplet movement is patterned, introducing a water droplet on the substrate, and modulating a slope of the superhydrophobic surface for the water droplet to move on the superhydrophobic surface along the hydrophilic channel. Here, a width of the hydrophilic channel is modulated for the water droplet to move on the superhydrophobic surface having a certain angle with respect to a ground.

Abstract: Provided is a nuclear fuel assembly positioning system having a built-in solenoid valve box in an apparatus for testing nuclear fuel used in an atomic power plant. A work table is installed at a predetermined position within an underwater fuel storage pool, and a solenoid valve box connected to two pneumatic hoses extending from the outside is integrally installed on an test table so as to drive the test table, so that only the two pneumatic hoses simplified as a gas supply hose and a gas discharge hose are connected with the test table, and thus the nuclear fuel assembly is accurately and rapidly positioned as to be able to conveniently perform testing without the structures around the hoses being interfered with when pneumatic motors are operated.

Abstract: An image playback apparatus for playing an input image data from at lest one camera includes: an input image encoding unit encoding the input image data and extracting a plurality of motion vectors corresponding to a plurality of frames of the encoded input image data; a storage unit storing the encoded input image data and motion vectors; and a playback unit playing a part of the frames that a motion is detected in a search desire region based on the motion vectors.