Abstract: The application relates to flexible ionic electroactive polymer (IEAP) laminates also known as ionic capacitive laminates (ICLs) particularly used for actuators, sensors or capacitors. More specifically, the invention relates to ICLs capable of fabrication on an industrial scale. An ionic electroactive polymer laminate suitable for use as an actuator is described, comprising opposing planar electrodes separated by an electrode-separating layer, wherein the electrode separating layer comprises a flexible porous reinforcing web suitable for supporting the laminate during fabrication, the electrode-separating layer further including an ion permeable polymer membrane within the pores of the reinforcing web.