Abstract: Geometric systems including 2-D building elements configured to connect together for building 3-D structures, the of 2-D building elements each have a body that is at least: a central main body, tabs extended away from the central main body, and notches, one of the notches being disposed between each of the tabs and the central main body are described. The notches are oriented to form an underlying polygon of the central main body, and a width of each of the tabs is no greater than one half a length of one side of the underlying polygon. In some examples, where each of the tabs is comprised of a substantially rigid material, the width of the tab is no greater than one third the length of one side of the underlying polygon. In other examples, where each of the tabs is comprised of a substantially flexible material, the width of the tab is no less than one third the length of one side of the underlying polygon.

Abstract: Geometric systems for building 3-D structures from a plurality of 2-D building elements, including a first building element defining a first shape defined by edges with a first dimension, and a second building element defining a second shape incongruent to the first shape defined by edges with a second dimension incongruent to the first dimension. Further, each building element defines an imaginary circle having a center aligned with the center of the building element, and defines a plurality of notches positioned at and tangential to the circumference of the imaginary circle, where the plurality of building elements are configured to fit together at their respective notches to torn a 3-D structure. Geometric systems may include a first building element defining a first shape with a first contour, and a second building element defining a second shape incongruent to the first shape with a second contour incongruent to the first contour.