Abstract: In a communications arrangement where services requested by users are provided over a network, communication flow arising from the services are shared by multiple links in the network. The users are required to pay for use of the links to realize the respective services. A target operating point defining the desired amount of communication flow on each link is established. A pricing scheme in accordance with the invention is used to price each link on a per unit of flow basis. Each user elects use of the capacity of those relatively inexpensive links to fulfil the requested service to minimize the cost. Such optimization actions by the individual users give rise to a “routing game” leading to a Nash equilibrium which coincides with the target operating point. Thus, with the inventive pricing scheme, the target operating point is attained over time by virtue of the users' cost optimization actions.

Abstract: A game has been designed to lure computer users to websites established by companies participating in the game. The participating companies advertise their products and/or services on the websites. The object of the game is to locate and procure a specified icon hidden at each of the websites. In accordance with the invention, the specified icon may assume one of three states, e.g., green, red and yellow states in that order. The three states vary with time and cycle themselves. A user is able to procure and click on a located icon only when it is in a green state, manifest by its green color. A red state of the icon indicates that the green state has just ended, and a yellow state of the icon indicates that the green state is imminent. Thus, in the course of playing the game, a user is likely to revisit or linger at a website whose icon is in a red or yellow state.

Abstract: A client request directed to a web site or other service hosted by a distributed pool of servers is processed by a client agent associated with the client. The client agent intercepts the client request and routes it to a particular one of the servers in the pool. The client agent bases its routing decision on address information regarding the individual servers of the pool and performance data regarding processing of previous client requests directed to the service. The address information may be retrieved by the client agent from a response to an initial client request directed to the service. The performance data may include response times for servicing previous client requests directed to the service, and the client agent may route the client request such that an average response time of multiple requests to the service is minimized.

Abstract: In an intranet, servers provide services for a price. A user is allotted a budget consisting of a limited amount of electronic credits to pay for the services. When the user requests a selected service from a server, the server offers a service price which can be accepted or rejected by the user, depending on the importance of the service to the user. The service price is determined based on, for example, the workload attendant to the requested service, its quality of service (QOS) requirements and current conditions pertaining to the server, in accordance with a pricing strategy. The latter is implemented to achieve network-wide objectives such as reducing network congestion by balancing load among the servers.