Abstract: A pupil separation system includes an input surface, a central portion including a set of dichroic mirrors, a first reflective surface disposed laterally with respect to the central portion, and a second reflective surface disposed laterally with respect to the central portion. The pupil separation system also includes an exit face including a central surface operable to transmit light in a first wavelength range, a first peripheral surface adjacent the central surface and operable to transmit light in a second wavelength range, and a second peripheral surface adjacent the central surface and opposite to the first peripheral surface. The second peripheral surface is operable to transmit light in a third wavelength range.

Abstract: A pupil separation system includes an input surface, a central portion including a set of dichroic mirrors, a first reflective surface disposed laterally with respect to the central portion, and a second reflective surface disposed laterally with respect to the central portion. The pupil separation system also includes an exit face including a central surface operable to transmit light in a first wavelength range, a first peripheral surface adjacent the central surface and operable to transmit light in a second wavelength range, and a second peripheral surface adjacent the central surface and opposite to the first peripheral surface. The second peripheral surface is operable to transmit light in a third wavelength range.

Abstract: It is provided a method for identifying optical aberrations. The method comprising the steps of providing at least one first optical beam and a second optical beam; creating a combined beam by at least partially superimposing the first and the second optical beam; focusing the combined beam into or through a medium and detecting radiation excited in the medium by the combined beam due to nonlinear optical effects; detecting the radiation excited in the medium by the combined beam for each one of the phase positions, the spatial positions and/or the time positions of the first beam; and identifying aberrations using signals generated by a detection device for the plurality of the phase positions, the spatial positions and/or the time positions of the first beam relative to the second beam upon the detection of the radiation excited in the medium.

Abstract: It is provided a method for identifying optical aberrations. The method comprising the steps of providing at least one first optical beam and a second optical beam ; creating a combined beam by at least partially superimposing the first and the second optical beam; focusing the combined beam into or through a medium and detecting radiation excited in the medium by the combined beam due to nonlinear optical effects; detecting the radiation excited in the medium by the combined beam for each one of the phase positions, the spatial positions and/or the time positions of the first beam; and identifying aberrations using signals generated by a detection device for the plurality of the phase positions, the spatial positions and/or the time positions of the first beam relative to the second beam upon the detection of the radiation excited in the medium.

Abstract: A method for detecting defects in a piston for an internal combustion engine may include providing the piston in a measurement arrangement that includes a measurement probe having a first electrical coil element for generating an electromagnetic alternating field and a second electrical coil element for detecting an electromagnetic alternating field. The method may also include moving the measurement probe over a piston surface of the piston, and providing an electrical alternating current in the first coil element to generate an electromagnetic alternating field that interacts with a material of the piston in the region under the piston surface. The method may further include evaluating an electrical alternating voltage induced in the second coil element by the electromagnetic alternating field after interaction with the material of the piston.

Abstract: A multimode waveguide illuminator and imager relies on a wave front shaping system that acts to compensate for modal scrambling and light dispersion by the multimode waveguide. A first step consists of calibrating the multimode waveguide and a second step consists in projecting a specific pattern on the wave guide proximal end in order to produce the desire light pattern at its distal end. The illumination pattern can be scanned or changed dynamically only by changing the phase pattern projected at the proximal end of the waveguide. The third and last step consists in collecting the optical information, generated by the sample, through the same waveguide in order to form an image. Known free space microscopy technique can be adapted to endoscopy with multimode waveguide, such as, but not limited to, fluorescence imaging or Raman spectros copy or imaging, 3D linear scattering imaging or two-photon imaging. Super-resolution, i.e.

Abstract: A method for detecting defects in a piston for an internal combustion engine may include providing the piston in a measurement arrangement that includes a measurement probe having a first electrical coil element for generating an electromagnetic alternating field and a second electrical coil element for detecting an electromagnetic alternating field. The method may also include moving the measurement probe over a piston surface of the piston, and providing an electrical alternating current in the first coil element to generate an electromagnetic alternating field that interacts with a material of the piston in the region under the piston surface. The method may further include evaluating an electrical alternating voltage induced in the second coil element by the electromagnetic alternating field after interaction with the material of the piston.

Abstract: An endoscopic device for photoacoustic imaging, including a multimode optical fiber having a distal end and a proximal end, a light source to provide a light beam to the proximal end of the multimode optical fiber, a transducer to capture acoustic waves that are emitted from the proximal end of the multimode optical fiber, and a processing device to generate a photoacoustic image based on data from the captured acoustic waves captured by the transducer, wherein the distal end of the multimode optical fiber is configured to be inserted into a sample, the sample generating the acoustic waves by a photoacoustic effect.

Abstract: A multimode waveguide illuminator and imager relies on a wave front shaping system that acts to compensate for modal scrambling and light dispersion by the multimode waveguide. A first step consists of calibrating the multimode waveguide and a second step consists in projecting a specific pattern on the waveguide proximal end in order to produce the desire light pattern at its distal end. The illumination pattern can be scanned or changed dynamically only by changing the phase pattern projected at the proximal end of the waveguide. The third and last step consists in collecting the optical information, generated by the sample, through the same waveguide in order to form an image. Known free space microscopy technique can be adapted to endoscopy with multimode waveguide, such as, but not limited to, fluorescence imaging or Raman spectroscopy or imaging, 3D linear scattering imaging or two-photon imaging. Super-resolution, i.e.

Abstract: In a method and an evaluation device for determining the position of a structure located in an object to be investigated by means of X-ray computer tomography, a cutting data record, which images the object in a cutting plane, is determined from a volume data record of the object. The cutting data record is binarized to form a binary data record, in which the structure voxels imaging the structure and the surface voxels imaging an object surface are determined. To determine the position, a distance data record is produced in such a way that a distance value, which characterizes the smallest distance of the respective distance voxel from the surface voxels, is assigned to each distance voxel of the distance data record. The distance voxels corresponding to the structure voxels are then determined and the associated distance values evaluated.

Abstract: A method is disclosed that includes calculating by an intermediary, using a computing apparatus, an estimated social dividend achieved as a monetization of an externality accruing to the public. The method further includes advancing funds, by a partaking entity, related to the externality. The method also includes paying, by the intermediary, the social dividend as estimated. The method further includes receiving, by the partaking entity, an incentive for advancing funds related to the externality.