Abstract: A rotary bottom ash regenerating (RBAR) system [100] comprises a cylindrical body [110] that receives ash [17] containing reactant particles [10] that are partially reacted limestone compounds having unreacted cores [13] from a furnace. Sensors [140] sense physical parameters within the cylindrical body [110]. A controller [170] receives the output of the sensors [140] and information indicating the amount of unreacted core [13] and causes a fluid actuator [135] to spray a proper amount of regeneration fluid regulator [135] from a plurality of spray nozzles [131] to different locations within the cylindrical body [110] to regulate the temperature and to cause the reactant particles [10] to have a require content of regeneration fluid. This causes the reactant particles [10] to be regenerated and reused. This results in a lower limestone costs and less overheating of ash handling systems.

Abstract: A rotary bottom ash regenerating (RBAR) system [100] comprises a cylindrical body [110] that receives ash [17] containing reactant particles [10] that are partially reacted limestone compounds having unreacted cores [13] from a furnace. Sensors [140] sense physical parameters within the cylindrical body [110]. A controller [170] receives the output of the sensors [140] and information indicating the amount of unreacted core [13] and causes a fluid actuator [135] to spray a proper amount of regeneration fluid regulator [135] from a plurality of spray nozzles [131] to different locations within the cylindrical body [110] to regulate the temperature and to cause the reactant particles [10] to have a require content of regeneration fluid. This causes the reactant particles [10] to be regenerated and reused. This results in a lower limestone costs and less overheating of ash handling systems.

Abstract: A rotary bottom ash regenerating (RBAR) system [100] comprises a cylindrical body that receives ash [17] containing reactant particles [10] that are partially reacted limestone compounds having unreacted cores [13] from a furnace. Sensors [140] sense physical parameters within the cylindrical body [110]. A controller [170] receives the output of the sensors [140] and information indicating the amount of unreacted core [13] and causes a fluid actuator [135] to spray a proper amount of regeneration fluid regulator [135] from a plurality of spray nozzles [131] to different locations within the cylindrical body [110] to regulate the temperature and to cause the reactant particles [10] to have a require content of regeneration fluid. This causes the reactant particles [10] to be regenerated and reused. This results in a lower limestone costs and less overheating of ash handling systems.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a NOx reducing system comprising a first inner conduit in fluid communication with a reactant source; and a first outer conduit comprising an open end for receiving the first inner conduit and a closed end; the first outer conduit comprising a port for discharging reactant from the reactant source into an exhaust gas stream. Also disclosed herein is a NOx reducing system comprising a conduit comprising a closed end and an open end that is in fluid communication with a reactant source; the conduit comprising a port for discharging reactant from the reactant source into an exhaust gas stream; the port being located on a downstream surface of the first outer conduit.

Abstract: A rotary bottom ash regenerating (RBAR) system [100] comprises a cylindrical body that receives ash [17] containing reactant particles [10] that are partially reacted limestone compounds having unreacted cores [13] from a furnace. Sensors [140] sense physical parameters within the cylindrical body [110]. A controller [170] receives the output of the sensors [140] and information indicating the amount of unreacted core [13] and causes a fluid actuator [135] to spray a proper amount of regeneration fluid regulator [135] from a plurality of spray nozzles [131] to different locations within the cylindrical body [110] to regulate the temperature and to cause the reactant particles [10] to have a require content of regeneration fluid. This causes the reactant particles [10] to be regenerated and reused. This results in a lower limestone costs and less overheating of ash handling systems.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a NOx reducing system comprising a first inner conduit in fluid communication with a reactant source; and a first outer conduit comprising an open end for receiving the first inner conduit and a closed end; the first outer conduit comprising a port for discharging reactant from the reactant source into an exhaust gas stream. Also disclosed herein is a NOx reducing system comprising a conduit comprising a closed end and an open end that is in fluid communication with a reactant source; the conduit comprising a port for discharging reactant from the reactant source into an exhaust gas stream; the port being located on a downstream surface of the first outer conduit.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for treating synthesized gas ("syngas") comprises introducing the syngas into a lower portion of a vessel. The syngas flows in the lower portion through a static regenerative hot gravel bed and into an upper portion of the vessel containing particulate material at a temperature less than that of the syngas in a manner so that the material reduces the temperature of the syngas and reacts with the syngas to abate pollutants therein, and the syngas entrains at least a portion of the material. The entrained material is then separated from the gas, cooled in a heat exchanger, and returned to the vessel, while the separated syngas is passed to downstream facilities.

Abstract: A system and method are disclosed for lowering NO.sub.x levels in flue gases of a fluidized bed reactor using selective non-catalytic reduction. A reactor is connected to a separator by a duct, and a reactant is introduced into the duct for decreasing NO.sub.x levels in the flue gases passing from the reactor, through the duct, and into the separator. The reactant, such as ammonia or urea, is selectively injected into a gaseous-rich region of the duct, near an upper, inner portion of the duct, so that a high degree of mixing of the reactant with flue gases is achieved while maintaining a low degree of mixing of the reactant with the particulate materials. The point of injection of the reactant into the duct is also at a location nearer to the reactor than to the separator to provide for increased residence time. In this manner, the reactant is used efficiently while obtaining the desired lowering of NO.sub.x levels in the flue gases.

Abstract: A fluidized bed reactor and method of operating same in which a bed of particulate material including fuel is formed in a furnace section. A stripper-cooler is located adjacent the furnace section for receiving particulate material from the furnace section. The particulate material is selectively passed to the stripper-cooler and cooled before being discharged from the stripper-cooler.

Abstract: A fluidized bed combustion system and method in which a recycle heat exchanger is located adjacent the furnace section of the recycle heat exchanger. Heat exchange surfaces are provided in a compartment of the recycle heat exchanger for removing heat from the solids, and a bypass compartment is provided through which the solids directly pass to the furnace during start-up and low load conditions. The flow of solids between compartments is selectively controlled and an L-valve connects one of the compartments to the furnace section. Air is passed into the L-valve to promote the flow of the separated materials from the latter compartment to the furnace. The flow rate of the air is modulated to vary the duty of the recycle heat exchanger.

Abstract: An apparatus and method of operating a fluidized bed reactor for combusting refuse derived fuel is disclosed. The reactor includes a fluidized furnace section 30 and stripper/cooler section 80. A downwardly sloping grid 28 extends across the furnace section 30 and stripper/cooler section 80 to a drain 78 in the stripper/cooler section 80, and directional nozzles 38 disposed in the grid fluidize the beds in the furnace section 30 and stripper/cooler section 80 and forcibly convey relatively large particulate material across the grid 28, through the furnace section 30 and stripper/cooler section 80, and to the drain 78 for disposal. A refractory layer 36 is provided along the grid 28 surface to reduce the height of the nozzles 38 within the furnace section 30, thereby helping to prevent relatively large particulate material from becoming entangled with or stuck to the nozzles 38.

Abstract: A fluidized bed reactor in which a plurality of air bars are supported by a plurality of tubes in an upright enclosure. The air bars support a bed of particulate material and discharge air into the bed to fluidize the material. A cooling fluid is passed through the tubes to transfer heat from the air bars.

Abstract: An apparatus and method of operating a fluidized bed reactor for combusting refuse derived fuel is disclosed. The reactor includes a fluidized furnace section 30 and stripper/cooler section 80. A downwardly sloping grid 28 extends across the furnace section 30 and stripper/cooler section 80 to a drain 78 in the stripper/cooler section 80, and directional nozzles 38 disposed in the grid fluidize the beds in the furnace section 30 and stripper/cooler section 80 and forcibly convey relatively large particulate material across the grid 28, through the furnace section 30 and stripper/cooler section 80, and to the drain 78 for disposal. A refractory layer 36 is provided along the grid 28 surface to reduce the height of the nozzles 38 within the furnace section 30, thereby helping to prevent relatively large particulate material from becoming entangled with or stuck to the nozzles 38.

Abstract: A fluidized bed reactor and method of operating same in which a bed of particulate material including fuel is formed in a furnace section. A stripper/cooler is located adjacent the furnace section for receiving particulate material from the furnace section. The particulate material is passed first to the stripper section where air is passed through the particulate material at a velocity sufficient to entrain relatively fine portions of the particulate material. A plurality of spaced baffle members are disposed in the stripper section for impacting with the entrained particulate material to separate it from the air. The particulate material in the stripper section is passed to the cooler section in which air is passed through the particulate material at a velocity sufficient to cool the particulate material and entrain relatively fine portions of the particulate material.

Abstract: A fluidized bed combustion system and method in which a recycle heat exchange section is located within an enclosure housing the furnace section of the combustion system. The flue gases and entrained solids from a fluidized bed in the furnace section are separated and the flue gases are passed to a heat recovery section and the separated particulate material to the recycle heat exchange section. The recycle heat exchange section includes a bypass chamber for permitting the separated solids to pass directly from the separator to the furnace section. A heat exchange is provided in the recycle heat exchange section to transfer heat from the separated material in the recycle heat exchange section to a fluid flow circuit for heating the fluid flow circuit and reducing the temperature of the separated material. The separated material of the recycle heat exchange section is then passed back to the furnace section.

Abstract: A reactor in which a furnace and a heat recovery area are provided. A bed of solid particulate material including fuel is supported in the furnace and air is introduced into the bed at a velocity sufficient to fluidize same and support the combustion or gasification of the fuel. The products of combustion (or flue gases) pass upwardly through the furnace and transfer heat energy to the walls thereof to produce steam. Flue gases leaving the upper region of the furnace section are transported to a heat recovery area, which functions to remove additional heat energy from the flue gases for producing the steam. A flue gas by-pass system is provided which transports relatively hot flue gases from a lower region of the furnace section to the heat recovery area for improving isothermal operating conditions and optimizing reactor performance. One or more conduits pass flue gases directly from selected extraction points within the lower region of the furnace to an upper portion of the heat recovery area.

Abstract: A system and method for controlling the sealing efficiency and recycle rate in a fluidized bed reactor in which air is introduced into two chambers found in a sealing vessel for receiving the separated solids from the separator. The air is introduced into two chambers in the sealing vessel in a direction opposite to that of the flow of the separated solids through the vessel. One of the chambers is located below the separator dipleg and in alignment therewith and the other chamber surrounds the first chambers. The air flow through each path can be separately adjusted as necessary.

Abstract: A reactor in which a bed of particulate material including fuel is formed in one of two sections in a vessel. Air is passed through the bed at a velocity to fluidize said material and promote the combustion of the fuel. The air and the combustion gases mix and entrain a portion of the particulate material, and pass from the one section to the other section. A plurality of spaced parallel water tubes are disposed in the path of the mixture and entrained particulate material as they pass through the other section to separate the entrained particulate material from the mixture.

Abstract: A fluidized bed steam generation system and method in which an external heat exchanger is located adjacent a furnace section. A mixture of flue gases and entrained particulate materials from a fluidized bed in the furnace section are separated and the flue gases are passed to a heat recovery section and the separated particulate material back to the fluidized bed in the furnace section. Particulate material from the fluidized bed in the furnace section is circulated through the external heat exchanger to add heat to water, steam or a steam/water mixture before the material is passed back to the furnace section. Water is passed through the furnace section, the heat recovery section, and the external heat exchanger to convert the water to steam.

Abstract: A fluidized bed reactor in which a bed of solid particulate material including fuel is provided in a furnace section and air is introduced into the bed at a velocity sufficient to fluidize the particulate material and support the combustion of the fuel. A separator separates the entrained particulate material from a mixture of the air and the gaseous products of the combustion. The separator is connected to the furnace section for returning the separated particulate material back to the bed. Relatively coarse sorbent and relatively fine sorbent material are passed into the furnace section at two separate locations, respectively.