Abstract: A digital biosensor for assaying a target nucleic acid and methods of using the biosensor for digitally detecting the target nucleic acid are disclosed wherein the biosensor includes a substrate having a substrate surface and at least two electrodes, a linker molecule having a first moiety conjugated to the substrate surface, a ribonucleoprotein (RNP) conjugated to a second moiety of the linker molecule, and a guide ribonucleic acid (gRNA) having a first sequence capable of binding to the inactive RNP and a second sequence capable of binding to the target nucleic acid.

Abstract: A digital biosensor for assaying a target nucleic acid and methods of using the biosensor for digitally detecting the target nucleic acid are disclosed wherein the biosensor includes a substrate having a substrate surface and at least two electrodes, a linker molecule having a first moiety conjugated to the substrate surface, a ribonucleoprotein (RNP) conjugated to a second moiety of the linker molecule, and a guide ribonucleic acid (gRNA) having a first sequence capable of binding to the inactive RNP and a second sequence capable of binding to the target nucleic acid.

Abstract: Artificial niches which provide growth, differentiation, and/or anti-aging environments for stem cells and progenitor cells are described.

Abstract: The regenerative potential of aged stem cells is enhanced by activation of the Notch signaling pathway and/or inhibition of TGF-? signaling pathway. Stem cells in aged tissues are capable of proliferation and tissue regeneration, but in their native setting are not provided with the appropriate signals to do so. By administering tissue regenerating agents, organ stem/progenitor cells are provided with the appropriate signals to regenerate the corresponding differentiated tissues.