Abstract: A control unit includes a scale detection unit for detecting, while the a burner provides combustion, occurrence of clogging with scale in a tube of a heat exchanger, and an output unit for outputting a result of a detection by the scale detection unit, a storage stores information including a numerical value representing how many times a surface temperature of the heat exchanger measured by a temperature measuring unit exceeds at least one of a plurality of threshold values. While the burner provides combustion when the surface temperature measured by the temperature measuring unit exceeds at least one of the plurality of threshold values the scale detection unit adds a predetermined value to the numerical value in the storage and when the numerical value attains a defined value or more the scale detection unit detects occurrence of clogging with scale.

Abstract: A water heater includes a burner generating combustion gas, a heat exchanger heating water which flows through the inside, through heat exchange with combustion gas generated in the burner, a fan supplying air to the burner, and a housing storing these components. The water heater has a water entry portion in a top plate of the housing. A water supply pipe for supplying water to the inside of the heat exchanger is connected to the water entry portion. The water entry portion is arranged to be included, in a plane view, in at least one component constituting the heat exchanger and an exhaust path for combustion gas which has passed through the heat exchanger. The component is made of a material having corrosion resistance against drainage water resulting from condensation of combustion gas.

Abstract: A control unit includes a scale detection unit for detecting, while the a burner provides combustion, occurrence of clogging with scale in a tube of a heat exchanger, and an output unit for outputting a result of a detection by the scale detection unit, a storage stores information including a numerical value representing how many times a surface temperature of the heat exchanger measured by a temperature measuring unit exceeds at least one of a plurality of threshold values. While the burner provides combustion when the surface temperature measured by the temperature measuring unit exceeds at least one of the plurality of threshold values the scale detection unit adds a predetermined value to the numerical value in the storage and when the numerical value attains a defined value or more the scale detection unit detects occurrence of clogging with scale.

Abstract: To provide a light conversion element which has solved the problems of the reduced intensity of upconverted light, etc., due to the flammability, volatility or high viscosity of a medium used in the conventional photon upconversion elements. A light conversion element is provided which has solved the above problems by using a visually homogeneous and transparent light conversion element, wherein organic photosensitizing molecules and organic light-emitting molecules, which are a combination that exhibits a triplet-triplet annihilation process, are dissolved and/or dispersed in an ionic liquid.

Abstract: A water heater includes a burner generating combustion gas, a heat exchanger heating water which flows through the inside, through heat exchange with combustion gas generated in the burner, a fan supplying air to the burner, and a housing storing these components. The water heater has a water entry portion in a top plate of the housing. A water supply pipe for supplying water to the inside of the heat exchanger is connected to the water entry portion. The water entry portion is arranged to be included, in a plane view, in at least one component constituting the heat exchanger and an exhaust path for combustion gas which has passed through the heat exchanger. The component is made of a material having corrosion resistance against drainage water resulting from condensation of combustion gas.

Abstract: To provide a light conversion element which has solved the problems of the reduced intensity of upconverted light, etc., due to the flammability, volatility or high viscosity of a medium used in the conventional photon upconversion elements. A light conversion element is provided which has solved the above problems by using a visually homogeneous and transparent light conversion element, wherein organic photosensitizing molecules and organic light-emitting molecules, which are a combination that exhibits a triplet-triplet annihilation process, are dissolved and/or dispersed in an ionic liquid.

Abstract: An optical connector which includes an insertion opening for inserting therein a plug section of an optical fiber cable. There is an optical element which is to be optically connected to the optical fiber cable as inserted in the insertion opening, and a shutter for opening and closing the insertion opening. The shutter is to be mounted to an apparatus and serves as a connector to the apparatus. The shutter is arranged so as to be distinguishable from an optical connector of other type by the color of the shutter which is exposed to the outside when mounting the optical connector to an apparatus.

Abstract: A multi-layered optical disk comprising a plurality of recording layers accumulated in the thickness direction wherein a light beam is focused on one of tracks of one of the layers thereby to record and reproduce data, the optical disk being characterized in that recording layers each have an identification section storing an address of the recording layer which the identification section belongs to.

Abstract: A multi-layered optical disk comprising a plurality of recording layers accumulated in the thickness direction wherein a light bean is focused on one of tracks of one of the layers thereby to record and reproduce data, the optical disk being characterized in that recording layers each have an identification section storing an address of the recording layer which the identification section belongs to.

Abstract: A multi-layered optical disk comprising a plurality of recording layers accumulated in the thickness direction wherein a light bean is focused on one of tracks of one of the layers thereby to record and reproduce data, the optical disk being characterized in that recording layers each have an identification section storing an address of the recording layer which the identification section belongs to.

Abstract: A multi-layered optical disk comprising a plurality of recording layers accumulated in the thickness direction wherein a light beam is focused on one of tracks of one of the layers thereby to record and reproduce data, the optical disk being characterized in that recording layers each have an identification section storing an address of the recording layer which the identification section belongs to.

Abstract: A multi-layered optical disk comprising a plurality of recording layers accumulated in the thickness direction wherein a light beam is focused on one of tracks of one of the layers thereby to record and reproduce data, the optical disk being characterized in that recording layers each have an identification section storing an address of the recording layer which the identification section belongs to.

Abstract: An information recording method has; a history determination step for determining whether or not a medium being cased and capable of being used for information recording and reproduction has previously been taken out from the case by using an identification section having historical information as to whether the medium has previously been taken out from the case or not; and a verification step for verifying correctness of information recorded always or on condition that a predetermined condition is satisfied when a result of the determination shows that the medium has previously been taken out from the case.

Abstract: A recording/reproducing device which is thinner when it is loaded with and without a cartridge, except while a cartridge is being inserted or taken out. A first cabinet (2) incorporates recording/reproducing means and has an opened top. A second cabinet (1) is so connected to the first cabinet (2) as to close the opening of the first cabinet (2). The second cabinet is so fitted in the first cabinet (2) as to sink in the thickness of the first cabinet (2) as shown in FIG. 1(b) when a cartridge (7) is loaded and not loaded therein, except while the cartridge (7) is being inserted or taken out. While the cartridge (7) is inserted or taken out, the second cabinet (1) is separated by a distance d from the first cabinet (2) as shown in FIG. 1(a), thereby defining an opening through which the cartridge (7) is inserted/taken out.

Abstract: An information recording method has;

Abstract: It is intended to provide a dynamic type ice cold storage method and system capable of efficiently suppressing, by an appropriate replenishment of water, an increase in concentration of an aqueous solution with the progress of freezing of the aqueous solution, thereby preventing a lowering in the coefficient of performance of a refrigerator, and hence diminishing power required for the formation of ice crystals. The temperature of an aqueous solution contained in a freezer which includes a heat exchanger for cooling is measured with a thermometer, and as the liquid temperature drops with the progress of freezing, melted water is replenished into the freezer from a melted water tank by means of a pump to keep almost constant the temperature of freezing performed by the heat exchanger for cooling.

Abstract: The optical disk of this invention includes a read-only area in which a plurality of read-only tracks are formed and a rewritable area in which a plurality of rewritable tracks are formed, wherein each of the plurality of read-only tracks is divided into a plurality of first sectors, a signal is prerecorded in at least one of the plurality of first sectors under a predetermined reproduction format, each of the plurality of rewritable tracks is divided into a plurality of second sectors, a signal is recordable in at least one of the plurality of second sectors under a predetermined recording format including the predetermined reproduction format, and the read-only area is located on an inner portion of the optical disk, while the rewritable area is located on an outer portion of the optical disk.

Abstract: In a recording and reproducing apparatus for a disc-shaped recording medium, and a defect substitution method for a disc-shaped recording medium (8), whether reproduction of recorded data is good is determined by sector unit and not by product code unit, defective sector discrimination is performed by sector unit, and only sectors determined defective are alternately recorded, when using a recording format in which data that is error detection and correction coded with a product code is segmented and recorded to a plurality of sectors.

Abstract: In a recording and reproducing apparatus for a disc-shaped recording medium, and a defect substitution method for a disc-shaped recording medium (8), whether reproduction of recorded data is good is determined by sector unit and not by product code unit, defective sector discrimination is performed by sector unit, and only sectors determined defective are alternately recorded, when using a recording format in which data that is error detection and correction coded with a product code is segmented and recorded to a plurality of sectors.

Abstract: In a recording and reproducing apparatus for a disc-shaped recording medium, and a defect substitution method for a disc-shaped recording medium, whether reproduction of recorded data is good is determined by sector unit and not by product code unit, defective sector discrimination is performed by sector unit, and only sectors determined defective are alternatively recorded, when using a recording format in which data that is error detection and correction coded with a product code is segmented and recorded to a plurality of sectors.