Abstract: A process for inhibiting the formation of scale in process equipment and conduits that form because of the presence of scale forming salts present in process fluids flowing therein is provided. In this process a scale inhibiting effective amount of an inhibiting agent selected from the group consisting of polymeric sulfates, polymeric sulfonates and mixtures thereof is added to the process fluid.

Abstract: There is provided an aqueous brine fluid containing a high salt concentration and a polyvinylpyrrolidone polymer or copolymer which serves to increase the viscosity thereof, particularly at elevated temperatures of above about 300.degree. F. These fluids are particularly useful as drilling fluids for the drilling of oil and gas wells.

Abstract: A clay-thickened, water-based drilling fluid composition demonstrating enhanced stability at the elevated temperatures encountered in deep drilling oil and gas recovery operations in described. The drilling fluid composition comprises an aqueous clay dispersion and a dispersing amount of a polymer crosslinked through a polyvalent metal cation.

Abstract: A process is provided wherein dissolved salts are selectively extracted from aqueous saline media by contacting the aqueous media with a solvent comprising a water insoluble organic diluent such as kerosene and a surfactant capable of effecting a preferntial transfer of solubilized salts in the aqueous media into the non-aqueous phase.

Abstract: Various water-soluble additives, either alone or in various combinations, for use in water-based clay drilling fluids. The additives are an acrylate polymer, an acrylate propylene glycol copolymer and three structurally different sulfonate amide polymers. One of the sulfonate amide polymers is a terpolymer consisting of a random distribution of units of the formulae ##STR1## wherein R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are the same or different and each is hydrogen, methyl, or ethyl, and X.sup.+ is a cation. A second sulfonate amide polymer is a copolymer consisting only of a random distribution of units (a) and (b). The third sulfonate amide polymer is a copolymer consisting of 2-acrylamido-2-methyl propane sulfonic acid and acrylamide. The acrylate polymer is of the formula ##STR2## while the acrylate propylene glycol copolymer is of the formula ##STR3## Drilling operations using a drilling fluid containing these compositions can be carried out at pH levels from about 8 to 11.5 and at temperatures up to about 220.degree. C.

Abstract: An aqueous brine fluid is disclosed which contains a high salt concentration and a water-soluble copolymer of acrylamidomethylpropanesulfonic acid salts which serves to increase the viscosity thereof, particularly at elevated temperatures of above about 300.degree. F. These fluids are particularly useful as fluids for drilling operations.

Abstract: An aqueous brine fluid, particularly useful as a drilling fluid, and containing a high salt concentration, a vinyl sulfonate amide copolymer such as a water soluble copolymer of acrylamidomethylpropanesulfonic acid salts, and a thermal stability enhancing additive, is provided. The aqueous brine fluid is particularly useful at elevated temperatures in the range of about 150.degree.-220.degree. C.

Abstract: A water-based clay drilling fluid or mud suitable for drilling at temperatures up to 200.degree. C. and pressures up to 100 psig at pH levels from 8 to 11.5, said mud or fluid containing additives which are two separate and distinct water-soluble vinyl sulfonate amide polymers. One polymer consists of a random distribution of units of the formulae ##STR1## The other polymer consists of a random distribution of units of the formula (a) and (b) as described above. In each polymer, R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are the same or different and each is hydrogen, methyl, or ethyl, and X.sup.+ is a cation.Drilling while using this improved fluid or mud results in a reduced fluid loss rate.

Abstract: There are provided wellbore treating fluids containing densifying salt dissolved in a solvent for this salt. This solvent contains at least about 50 percent by weight of a liquid non-aqueous solvent such as, e.g., N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, such that the overall solvent has desirable properties with respect to the ability to dissolve salt, miscibility with water, melting point, boiling point, flash point and viscosity. Examples of such wellbore treating fluids include drilling, completion, packer and workover fluids.

Abstract: There are provided drilling fluids containing densifying salt dissolved in a solvent for this salt. This solvent contains at least about 50 percent by weight of a liquid non-aqueous solvent such as, e.g., N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, such that the overall solvent has desirable properties with respect to the ability to dissolve salt, miscibility with water, melting point, boiling point, flash point and viscosity.

Abstract: There is provided an aqueous brine fluid having a pH of less than about 5 and containing a high salt concentration and a basic N-heterocyclic polymer or copolymer such as polyvinyl pyridine which serves to increase the viscosity of the fluid, particularly at elevated temperatures of above about 300.degree. F. These fluids are particularly useful as drilling fluids for the drilling of oil and gas wells.

Abstract: An improved solvent extraction process is described for the preparation of lube oil products, the improvement whereby the solvent contains an additive which facilitates phase separation and increases the yield of raffinate.

Abstract: An improved solvent extraction process is described for the preparation of lube oil products, the improvement whereby the solvent contains an additive which facilitates phase separation and increases the yield of raffinate.

Abstract: As a new class of multifunctional additives for industrial fluids, the compounds having the following general formula: ##STR1## IN WHICH EACH X and Y represents a heterocyclic nitrogen radical and may be the same or different for each occurrence of X and Y; Z is a basic nitrogen-containing radical; n is 0 or an integer of at least 1, preferably 1 to 10; and A, B, C, and D are linked groups derived from compounds which may provide desired functions, such as detergent, antioxidant, and antiwear properties, or indirectly useful functions, such as adsorbency. At least one of A, B, C, or D is amino or anilino or is derived from an alkenylsuccinimide or an alkyl lactam or tetrahydropyrrolidine, or alkyl-substituted Mannich base, having at least 8 carbon atoms in the alkenyl or alkyl radical, or combinations of any of these. The reaction between these products and metal compounds particularly alkali and alkaline earth metal compounds provides more improved properties.

Abstract: As a new class of multifunctional additives for industrial fluids, the compounds having the following general formula: ##STR1## IN WHICH EACH X and Y represents a heterocyclic nitrogen radical and may be the same or different for each occurrence of X and Y; Z is a basic nitrogen-containing radical; n is 0 or an integer of at least 1, preferably 1 to 10; and A, B, C, and D are linked groups derived from compounds which may provide desired functions, such as detergent, antioxidant, and antiwear properties, or indirectly useful functions, such as adsorbency. At least one of A, B, C, or D is amino or anilino or is derived from an alkenylsuccinimide or an alkyl lactam or tetrahydropyrrolidine, or alkyl-substituted Mannich base, having at least 8 carbon atoms in the alkenyl or alkyl radical, or combinations of any of these. The reaction between these products and metal compounds particularly alkali and alkaline earth metal compounds provides more improved properties.

Abstract: A method of controlling calcite in an in situ leaching operation by retarding the growth of calcite crystals in the lixiviant only for the resident time that the lixiviant is in a critical area of the leach circuit and then allowing the calcite to precipitate from the lixiviant in a noncritical area. A chemical inhibitor, e.g., sodium hexametaphosphate, is added to the lixiviant as the lixiviant enters a critical area, e.g., from the bottom of a production well to surface processing equipment. The inhibitor is added to the lixiviant in an amount sufficient only to retard calcite precipitation while the lixiviant moves through a critical area but not to seriously impede calcite precipitation after the lixiviant exits the critical area.

Abstract: Using a novel process of one or more combined steps, modified novel block copolymers are prepared by alkylating or hydrogenating a block copolymer precursor containing at least two segments, in which segment A consists of a styrene polymer, either styrene alone or a hydrogenated random butadiene-styrene copolymer and from 1% to about 50% by weight of segment B being an alkylene oxide or sulfide copolymerized with the first segment as an AB or BAB copolymer. These novel copolymers perform as multifunctional additives in industrial organic compositions, both hydrocarbon fluids, such as petroleum-derived, and non-hydrocarbon, or synthetic fluids, providing such utility as detergency, emulsification and viscosity index improvement. These copolymers have molecular weights in the range of from about 1,000 to 500,000. The copolymers are particularly useful in lubricating oils, greases and fuels, especially cross-graded lubricants, crude oils, diesel oils, gasoline and fuel oils.

Abstract: Sulfur is deposited on a solid substrate. Metal compounds containing sulfur reaction products produced when hydrocarbon streams contaminated with the metals are contacted with the sulfur modified substrate are removed by electrophoresis.

Abstract: Novel block copolymers containing at least two segments, in which segment A is either a polymerized alkyl-substituted styrene, the alkyl group having at least 3 carbon atoms, or a hydrogenated block of random butadiene-styrene copolymer and from 1 to about 50% by weight of segment B being an alkylene oxide or sulfide copolymerized with the first segment as an AB or BAB copolymer, perform as multifunctional additives in industrial organic compositions, both hydrocarbon fluids, such as petroleum-derived, and non-hydrocarbon, or synthetic fluids, providing such utility as detergency and viscosity index improvement. These copolymers have molecular weights in the range of from about 1,000 to 300,000. The copolymers are particularly useful in lubricating oils, greases and fuels, especially cross-graded lubricants, Diesel oils, gasoline and fuel oils. Copolymers capped with metal diisocyanate have excellent thermal and oxidative stability.