Abstract: The force sparing temperature changer operates through at least two air evacuated bellows. The relative positions of the chambers are such that the moving walls of the chambers face each other and transmit opposing vector forces to each other. This causes the movable walls of the bellows to settle in positions which are the result of the balance of opposing forces upon the walls. An outside reciprocal vector force upon the movable walls tips the balance of the opposing forces upon the movable walls and causes a reciprocal expansion and compression of each chamber. The bellows chambers contain a low boiling point liquid, such as water under a vacuum, which responds to the the expansion and compression of the chambers. The cooling effects of the expansion of the chambers upon the low boiling point liquid are separated from the heating effects of the compression of the chambers, by separate tubings and one way valves.

Abstract: A compressor-expander type cooling, or heating system, is incorporated into a heel of a shoe, and is powered by reciprocal gravity pressures upon the shoe which occur naturally during walking. The cooling system functions through a bellows compressor chamber and a separate bellows expander chamber. The movable walls of the expander and the compressor are placed opposite each other, and transmit opposing vector forces to each other. A movable heel portion at the bottom of the shoe transmits movement to the movable walls of the compressor and the expander whenever the person wearing the shoes steps on the heel. This expands the expander and compresses the compressor. A network of heat exchange coils, containing a low boiling point liquid, communicates with the expander, and functions as heat absorbing evaporator. Another network of heat exchange coils communicates with the compressor chamber, and functions as a heat delivering condenser.

Abstract: A relatively hot and a relatively cold chamber are air evacuated and contain a low boiling point liquid. The temperature differential between the chambers results in a vapor pressure differential between the chambers. The vapor pressures inside the chambers transmit a vector force to a movable wall of each of the chambers. The vapor pressures in the chambers are equalized intermittently by an intermittent communication between the chambers. The chambers are positioned relative to each other so that the movable wall of one chamber transmits an opposing vector force to the movable wall of the other chamber. This brings the walls to a position which is determined by the the resultant of the opposing vector forces upon the walls. When the resultant of the vector forces changes during the intermittent communication between the chambers the movable walls change their position. The movements of the walls between different positions perform useful work through standard mechanical links to a force receiving means.

Abstract: The invention consists of a cooling system which can be powered by solar energy, utilizing solar flat plate collectors. Water, the boiling point of which has been lowered by an air vacuum, is used as a refrigerant instead of freon. The water boils at low temperature in sealed air evacuated heat exchange coils and removes heat from the environment. A solar differential temperature engine is modified to include a pump mechanism. The pump is used to transfer the vapor, generated by the boiling of the low boiling point water in the heat exchange coils, from the coils to the chambers of the differential temperature engine. The vapor then re-condenses into a liquid, without a compressor, through the differential temperature between the chambers of the engine. The re-condensed liquid then returns spontaneously to the heat exchange coils by force of gravity. The cooling system may likewise operate through house hold electic power on a standby or permenant basis.

Abstract: The magnetic ice cube works without a freezer or a refrigerator, and can be stored for indefinite periods at room temperature without losing its cooling potential. The cooling element of the magnetic ice cube consists of an air evacuated sealed heat exchange chamber containing water. The water will boil at low temperature and absorb heat from its environment, if the vapor generated by the boiling water is removed. This is accomplished by a desiccant placed in a separate chamber. The vapor passes through a tube, into the chamber containing the desiccant which removes the vapor. The top portion of the tube is placed in the desiccant chamber, is flexible, and communicates with its environment through a hole in a rubber lined inside magnet. During storage of the device, a force of attraction between the inside magnet and an outside surface magnet causes the inside magnet to press against a rubber layer lining the top inside surface of the desiccant chamber.

Abstract: A self cooling insert consists of an air evacuated heat-exchange chamber containing water. The water boils at low temperatures and cools the chamber. The cold heat-exchange chamber is then dipped in a beverage to absorb heat from the beverage. The vapor generated by the low boiling point liquid is removed through sorption by a desiccant placed in a separate chamber, on top of the heat exchange chamber. A pipe communicates between the vapor phase of the heat-exchange chamber and the desiccant chamber. A vapor distributor tube in the desiccant chamber conducts the vapor to the top surfaces of the desiccant. The temperature changing potential of the device can be preserved indefinitely by a barrier which blocks the communication between the chambers. The barrier is mechanically linked to a magnet inside the insert. The inside magnet is manipulated by an outside magnet placed in proximity to surface of the insert. The barrier is kept in its blocking position by a force of attraction between the magnets.

Abstract: The invention consists of sorption self cooling and self heating containers in which magnetic means are used to activate the containers. Water in an air evacuated chamber boils at low temperature and cools its surroundings. The vapor generated by the low boiling point liquid is removed by sorption by a desiccant placed in a separate chamber. The sorbed vapor heats the desiccant and it surroundings. The temperature changing potential of the device can be preserved indefinitely by a movable magnet-responsive iron barrier which prevents a communication between the liquid and desiccant chambers. The temperature changer is activated by an outside magnet which moves the magnet-responsive barrier.

Abstract: The body cooler consists of a wearable network of coils which contain a solid which absorbs heat when dissolved in water. The cooling action is initiated by the addition of water to the network through more than one conduit communicating between the portions of the network and a water source. The degree cooling is regulated by opening of closing of individual conduits which conduct the water to the portions of the network.

Abstract: The invention consists of a cooling system that can be worn and travel with the person using the cooling system. Flexible inter-communicating containers (such as coils), are adapted to fit body contour and function as heat removers. The containers are incorporated into clothing, or applied directly to the body. Water under a vacuum in the containers boils at low temperature and removes body heat. Vapor generated by the boiling water re-condenses into water in a communicating portable cold container, which is cooled by portable ice packs, or by endothermic chemical reactants. The degree of cooling can be controlled by regulation of the degree of the communication between the the heat remover containers and the cold condenser container. The re-condensed water returns spontaneously to the heat remover containers by force of gravity. The cooling device can be incorporated into any object which forms a direct or an indirect contact with a person using the device, such as medical casts, and cold compresses.

Abstract: The invention consists of improvements in disposable and reuseable sorption temperature changers which eliminate the necessity of using valves which perforate the walls of the device. This facilitates the preservation of a long term leak proof air vacuum in the device, and reduces the cost of the device. Water in an air evacuated chamber boils at low temperature and cools its surroundings. The vapor generated by the low boiling point liquid is removed by sorption by a desiccant placed in a separate chamber. The sorbed vapor heats the desiccant and it surroundings. The temperature changing potential of the device can be preserved indefinitely by a barrier which prevents a communication between the liquid and desiccant chambers. The temperature changer is activated by a pliable or flexible surface portion which punctures or dislocates the barrier between the chambers.

Abstract: The invention describes a sorption self-cooling beverage device which cools its beverage instantaneously, and no heat conducting surfaces are required. A chamber containing a beverage is mixed with a consumable refrigerant such as water. The boiling point of the beverage-refrigerant mixture is lowered to freezing temperatures by an air vacuum. The vapor generated by the boiling beverage-refrigerant mixture is conducted to another chamber containing a desiccant, which removes the vapor. A barrier permeable to water vapor but not to desiccant particles is placed between the beverage-refrigerant and desiccant chambers to prevent a contamination of the beverage by the desiccant. A water absorber is placed in the desiccant chamber to prevent a contamination of the beverage with liquid which may have entered the desiccant chamber from the beverage chamber.

Abstract: A solid emdothermic reactant is distributed in flexible tubes adapted to fit body contour. Means are provided to fix the solid endothermic reactant in evenly distributed spots in the coils. The tubes are adapted to be worn like a vest in close proximity to body surfaces. When a cooling effect is desired water is added to the tubes to initiate the endothermic cooling reactions.

Abstract: Self cooling and self heating beverage containers utilizing water, the boiling point of which has been lowered by a vacuum as the working cooling fluid. A dessicant in a separate container sorbs the vapor generated by the boiling water. The sorption of vapor by the dessicant raises the temperature of the dessicant and limits its vapor sorbing abilities. Provision is made to lower the temperature of the dessicant chamber. In one version of the invention the dessicant chamber is constructed of good heat conducting material, and is immersed in a water bath, to lower the temperature of the dessicant chamber. Alternatively, the outside surfaces of the dessicant chamber are coated with a wick like material. Pre-packaged water is provided to wet the coated dessicant chamber surfaces. The dessicant chamber is then cooled by natural evaporation of the water. In a related improvement, a beverage to be heated is used instead of water as the cooling medium.

Abstract: The present invention consists of a method for diagnosing free fatty acid toxicity, particularly resulting from parenteral fat emulsion. Specifically, red cell morphology is microscopically monitored to detect specific abnormal alterations resulting from various degrees of free fatty acid toxicity.

Abstract: The temperature changers consist of at least 2 communicating chambers. One chamber contains a partial air vacuum which lowers the boiling point of water present in the chamber. A second chamber contains a dessicant which adsorbs or absorbs the vapor generated by the boiling water in the water chamber. Inner support bodies between the walls of the chambers prevent the walls of the chambers from collapsing during the presence of the vacuum inside the chambers. Pores and channels inside the support body provide inter-communicating free spaces inside the chambers. In the present invention the heat exchange surfaces of the chambers are structurally adapted to be completely immersed in a beverage to increase the heat transfer actions of the surfaces. In a modified form of the invention multiple dessicant chambers with separate communications with the water chamber are used.

Abstract: An improved psychrometric hygrometer obtains its wet-bulb temperature without surface water of induced air flow, through evaporation from transparent semi-permeable containers of relatively large surface-volume ratio.

Abstract: The invention consists of disposable temperature changing devices which can be stored for unlimited periods without losing their temperature changing potential. Water boiling in an air-evacuated chamber serves as the working liquid. A dessicant in a separate container communicates with the vapor phase of the water, and removes the vapor generated by the boiling water. Unlimited storage of the temperature changing potential of the invention is obtained by the closing of the communication between the containers.

Abstract: The invention consists of a reversible differential temperature engine especially adapted to convert solar thermal energy into mechanical energy in the absence of gravity in space. This is achieved by reversible means which allow the alternate function of each chamber of the differential temperature engine as an evaporator and condensor chamber.

Abstract: The invention consists of a differential temperature engine in which the return stroke is achieved independently of the contraction of the vapor which induced the initial movement of the moving member. The engine consists of a relatively cold and a relatively warm chamber which are sealed from the outside environment, and contain a low boiling point fluid. One end of a cylinder communicates with the vapors in the relatively warm chamber while the opposing end of the cylinder communicates with the vapors in the relatively cold chamber. When there is no communication between the cold and warm chambers a vapor pressure differential upon the opposing ends of a piston within the cylinder causes the piston to move towards the cold chamber. The return stroke of the piston is induced by equalization of the pressures upon the two opposing ends of the piston.

Abstract: The invention describes a valveless and practically frictionless differential temperature engine. The engine consists of a relatively warm evaporator chamber and a relatively cold condensor chamber containing a low boiling point fluid. The temperature differential between the chambers results in a corresponding vapor pressure differential between the chambers. Changes in the vapor pressure differential between the chambers causes liquid to rise and fill in a tube communicating between the liquid phase of the evaporator chamber and the vapor phase of the condensor chamber. The movement of the liquid is transmitted to a float and to a force receiving component outside of the chambers. The changes in the vapor differential between the chambers are automatically cyclically regulated by the level of liquid in the evaporator chamber which alternately submerges and uncovers the lower open end of a slanted tube communicating between the vapor phases of the chambers.