Abstract: According to the process the sludge is homogenized and heated to 30.degree.-60.degree. C. temperature. The heated sludge is circulated under 2-4 bar overpressure, and its temperature is raised to about 130.degree.-150.degree. C. in 1-2 sec by conducting steam of 130.degree.-151.degree. C. and 2-4 bar pressure directly into the sludge, thus granulation is brought about in the sludge. The sludge of increased temperature--while its temperature and pressure maintained--is further circulated for about 60-300 sec. Then, the sludge is adiabatically expanded in 1-2 sec by reducing the pressure to about 0.01-0.02 bar. The expanded sludge is separated to water, fat containing water and solid impurity and wet solid phase containing protein.It is characteristic to the apparatus that it is provided with device for heating the sludge, and pipe (18) for passing on the heated sludge connected with the heating unit (5) where an expansion valve is built in.

Abstract: The apparatus has a column (1) of closed interior. Pipe (7b) leading into its upper part to admit liquid of higher density, and pipe (7a) leading into the lower part to admit liquid of lower density. Pipes (8, 10) emerge from the lower part to discharge liquid of higher density, and from its upper part to discharge liquid of lower density. Level control and propelling force adjusting mechanism (9) is connected with the pipe discharging liquid of higher density. Dispersing-mixing elements surrounding cells are beneath and above each other in the column (1). Pulsator (4) is connected with the lower part of column (1). The dispersing-mixing elements are formed by discs (5) having elastic tongues (13a) in the plane of discs capable for vibration and to move out of the disc's plane during vibration, and gap (14) runs along the periphery of the tongues (13a).

Abstract: Process for the extraction of solids from liquids containing solids granulated by heat effect and/or solids the moisture content of which is reducible by heat effect, especially from colloidal solutions with protein content, suspensions and slurries for reducing the fat content of the solid material, in the course of this process grains are formed in the liquid with heat effect, or the moisture content of the grains is reduced, then they are removed from the liquids and dried. The equipment for implementation of the process is also subject of the invention. The process is characterized by heating the liquid to 50.degree.-125.degree. C. temperature with heat transfer ("instant heating ") for a short period, maximum for 2 minutes, then the heated material is kept at 50.degree.-125.degree. C. temperature for at least 2, preferably for 5-15 minutes. This is followed by separation of the grains from the liquid phase with filtration in a space containing vapor of 50.degree.-125.degree. C.

Abstract: A heparin-enriched material capable of long-term storage and particularly adapted for use as a raw material in processes for the extraction of heparin is produced by storing the animal organ material for a period of 0.5 to 15 hours (preferably 4 to 6 hours) at a temperature of 10.degree. to 50.degree. C. (preferably 30.degree. to 50.degree. C.), then injecting steam to effect a heat treatment at a temperature between 75.degree. and 100.degree. C. The heat treatment precipitates heparin-containing aggregate which is filtered from the aqueous phase and dried to a dry substance content of 90 to 95%.

Abstract: Apparatus for the transfer of liquids and the removal of gases from liquids, comprises a chamber divided into upper and lower parts by a horizontal separating wall. The separating wall has a central opening through which extends the shaft of an impeller which is disposed in the lower part of the chamber. The shaft is driven by a motor mounted atop the chamber. The upper part of the chamber has a volume greater than that of the lower part by at least one order of magnitude. Liquid from which gas is to be removed is fed into the upper part and flows through the transfer port, past the rotating impeller, and is removed in degasified form from the lower part. The removed gas escapes from the upper part. The margins of the separating wall are specially tapered and the impeller blades have a matching taper. A liquid seal can be provided upstream of the inlet for gassy liquid into the chamber. An illuminator and viewer for the upper chamber can be provided to monitor the operation.

Abstract: A method of obtaining crystals of a solute in which the fresh solution is initially cooled by contacting with a mother liquor containing crystals below the desired grain size to produce a mother phase in a state of incipient crystallization. The latter is crystallized with or without further cooling by passing it through an elongated crystallizer body with angularly adjoining portions swung around an offset axis and having cooled walls. The resulting slurry is then continuously filtered to separate out the crystals of the required size and form the mother liquor containing particles below the required size.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the extraction of solids from liquids containing solids granulated by heat effect and/or solids the moisture content of which is reducible by heat effect, especially from colloidal solutions with protein content, suspensions and slurries for reducing the fat content of the solid material, in the course of this process grains are formed in the liquid with heat effect, or the moisture content of the grains is reduced, then they are removed from the liquids and dried. The equipment for implementation of the process is also subject of the invention.The process is characterized by heating the liquid to 50.degree.-125.degree. C. temperature with heat transfer ("instant heating") for a short period, maximum for 2 minutes, then the heated material is kept at 50.degree.-125.degree. C. temperature for at least 2, preferably for 5-15 minutes. This is followed by separation of the grains from the liquid phase with filtration in a space containing vapor of 50.degree.-125.degree. C.

Abstract: An apparatus for crystallization which utilizes a treating device for the formation of a crystal slurry having a prismatic drum at the inlet end of the device and a zigzag body eccentrically connected to the wide end of the drum and formed by ducts which have their axes intersecting the axis of the drum, the final duct section terminating at a ring which is coaxial with the drum. The duct walls are planar as well. The entire system is closed and includes a filter having a prismatic drum and duct arrangement but with walls which are perforated.

Abstract: A rotary sieve comprises, in an elongated housing, a body which is rotatable about a substantially horizontal axis and has, at one end, a frustopyramidal drum widening in the direction of the other end and a zigzag tube communicating eccentrically with the drum. The planar walls of the drum and the tube are perforated sieves and the material is introduced by a worm centrally into the drum and is progressively advanced through the body to be discharged generally centrally from the tube through a discharge drum of the body which is peripherally open so that the material can be collected by a pipe underlying the discharge drum.

Abstract: A process for producing an aqueous solution of high heparin content from heparin-containing animal organs comprises forming a heparin-enriched granular raw material from these organs and extracting the raw material at a temperature of 20.degree. to 80.degree. C. with a salt solution having a salt concentration of 1.5 to 12.0% and a pH in the range of 8 to 12.8 or an alkalinity of 0.5 normal to 1.08 normal concentration. The dry substance to liquid ratio should be 1:5.

Abstract: Apparatus for the treatment, such as drying, freezing, crystallization of wet solids, slurries, suspensions, pulps and similar materials with heating or cooling.The apparatus is characterized by a treating body having two sections. The first section has a horizontally arranged axially flared annular treating drum rotatable around the horizontal or near-horizontal longitudinal rotation axis, and having end plates with a material feeding inlet pipe leading into the interior through one end plate, while the other end plate is provided with an opening arranged eccentrically in relation to the rotation axis. The second section of the treating body is connected rigidly and thus rotatably to the treating drum, the second section of the treating body having at least three duct-like oblong treating members leading into each other.

Abstract: A filtering and washing device has a filter body mounted in a housing for rotation about a horizontal axis and comprising a first portion in the form of a truncated cone or pyramid having a base plate with an eccentrically positioned polygonal orifice and a second portion in the form of a sawtooth-shaped tube rigidly connected at one end to the orifice and at an opposite end to a cylindrical drive shaft rotatably journaled in the housing and operationally connected to a motor, the tube in turn being formed from a multiplicity of hollow prisms or truncated pyramids. The first and second portions have surfaces provided with respective filter means. A pipe fixed to the housing traverses an end plate of the first portion opposite the base plate for rotatably supporting the filter body at one end and for feeding to the first portion material to be filtered or cleaned, while the tube is provided with an opening spaced from the base plate of the first portion for dispensing treated material.

Abstract: A drier, especially for viscous materials, comprises a double-wall cylindrical vessel which is heated and to which the material to be dried is fed at one end with the dried material being removed at the opposite end. A drying gas inlet is connected to the drying chamber to pass the drying gas in counterflow or uniflow with the material and a shaft is rotatable along the axis of the chamber and carries adjustable disks with alternately inner and outer openings so that the material path through the vessel is deflected toward and away from the axis as the material passes successively through adjustable-length cells between these disks. All of the disks carry blades which scrape the material from the heated wall from the vessel and at least some of the disks carry rollers of predetermined spacing from this wall to adjust the particle size of the dried product.

Abstract: The packing of a tower or column for heat exchange, material exchange, contacting of two fluids with one another and chemical reaction consisting of a stack of elongated members having two walls inclined to one another and joined at a third wall, the first two walls being each formed with elongated vibratile elements interdigitated with vibratile elements of another packing member so that when the body of packing is traversed by one or more fluids, the vibratile elements are set into vibration.

Abstract: The packing of a tower or column for heat exchange, material exchange, contacting of two fluids with one another and chemical reaction consisting of a stack of elongated members having two walls inclined to one another and joined at a third wall, the first two walls are each formed with elongated vibratile elements interdigitated with vibratile elements of another packing member so that when the body of packing is traversed by one or more fluids, the vibratile elements are set into vibration.

Abstract: A fluid is introduced into a bed of a material to be fluidized along the bottom surface thereof at a pulsating velocity which is by an order of magnitude greater than the velocity of fluidization.Such method can be carried out in a fluidization apparatus having a per se known distributor the orifices of which are overlapped by reeds which vibrate when a pressure fluid is introduced into a bed above the distributor.

Abstract: A fluid transmitting element, particularly for increasing vapor-liquid contact, comprises a continuously open element which is resiliently deformable to open still farther under the pressure of a fluid stream. The element is a plate or tray which comprises a fluid barrier, and has a plurality of resilient interfingering strips. Means are provided which permit opening of the element in only one direction.