Abstract: Methods of modifying a subject's cognitive state by applying transdermal electrical stimulation (TES). In particular, described herein are methods of applying TES using a pair of electrodes each positioned at a particular location on the skin of the subject's head, or the head and neck, to evoke a predetermined cognitive state using a TES applicator. In particular, described herein are methods of enhancing attention, alertness, or mental focus or of enhancing a calm or relaxed mental state by applying high-intensity TES across electrodes positioned on the subject's temple and either the mastoid region or on the subject's neck. The subject may control the application directly and TES may be applied by a portable, including wearable, TES applicator.

Abstract: Portable transdermal electrical stimulation (TES) applicators for modifying a subject's cognitive state. In general, the portable applicators described are specifically configured and adapted to be lightweight and may be wearable, and to deliver a high-intensity TES able to evoke or enhance a predetermined cognitive effect. These TES applicators may include a pair of electrodes and a TES control module comprising a processor, a timer and a waveform generator. TES control module is adapted to deliver a biphasic electrical stimulation signal of 10 seconds or longer between the first and second electrodes having a frequency of 400 Hz or greater, a duty cycle of greater than 10 percent, an intensity of 3 mA or greater, with a DC offset.

Abstract: Apparatuses (e.g., devices, systems), and methods for transdermal electrical stimulation (TES). Apparatuses described herein can be self-contained, lightweight, and wearable. The apparatus may include a primary unit (TES stimulator) and an electrode portion that includes a first transdermal electrode and a second transdermal electrode and mates with the TES stimulator. The first electrode and secondary electrode are placed at two locations on the skin of a user, for example on the head and/or neck of a user. Electrical stimulation driven between the two electrodes may induce a cognitive effect in a user of the device.

Abstract: Portable transdermal electrical stimulation (TES) applicators for modifying a subject's cognitive state. In general, the portable applicators described are specifically configured and adapted to be lightweight and may be wearable, and to deliver a high-intensity TES able to evoke or enhance a predetermined cognitive effect. These TES applicators may include a pair of electrodes and a TES control module comprising a processor, a timer and a waveform generator. TES control module is adapted to deliver a biphasic electrical stimulation signal of 10 seconds or longer between the first and second electrodes having a frequency of 400 Hz or greater, a duty cycle of greater than 10 percent, an intensity of 3 mA or greater, with a DC offset.

Abstract: Methods of modifying a subject's cognitive state by applying transdermal electrical stimulation (TES). In particular, described herein are methods of applying TES using a pair of electrodes each positioned at a particular location on the skin of the subject's head, or the head and neck, to evoke a predetermined cognitive state using a TES applicator. In particular, described herein are methods of enhancing attention, alertness, or mental focus or of enhancing a calm or relaxed mental state by applying high-intensity TES across electrodes positioned on the subject's temple and either the mastoid region or on the subject's neck. The subject may control the application directly and TES may be applied by a portable, including wearable, TES applicator.

Abstract: Described herein are devices, systems, and methods for transdermal electrical stimulation. Devices described herein can include self-contained, lightweight, and wearable components. The devices include a primary unit including a first transdermal electrode and a secondary unit including a second transdermal electrode. The device can be capable of wireless communication. The primary unit and secondary unit are placed at two locations on the skin of a user, for example on the head or neck of a user. The first and second transdermal electrodes are electrically connected. Electrical stimulation is driven between the two electrodes. The electrical stimulation induces a cognitive effect in a user of the device.

Abstract: Information is communicated to an individual by directing an acoustic signal transcranially to a target region in the brain. The target region is stimulated to produce a cognitive effect, and the cognitive effect is modulated or encoded to carry the desired information.

Abstract: Described herein are devices, systems, and methods for transdermal electrical stimulation. Devices described herein can include self-contained, lightweight, and wearable components. The devices include a primary unit including a first transdermal electrode and a secondary unit including a second transdermal electrode. The device can be capable of wireless communication. The primary unit and secondary unit are placed at two locations on the skin of a user, for example on the head or neck of a user. The first and second transdermal electrodes are electrically connected. Electrical stimulation is driven between the two electrodes. The electrical stimulation induces a cognitive effect in a user of the device.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for the preparation and use of a substrate having an array of diverse materials in predefined regions thereon. A substrate having an array of diverse materials thereon is generally prepared by delivering components of materials to predefined regions on a substrate, and simultaneously reacting the components to form at least two materials or, alternatively, allowing the components to interact to form at least two different materials. Materials which can be prepared using the methods and apparatus of the present invention include, for example, covalent network solids, ionic solids and molecular solids. More particularly, materials which can be prepared using the methods and apparatus of the present invention include, for example, inorganic materials, intermetallic materials, metal alloys, ceramic materials, organic materials, organometallic materials, nonbiological organic polymers, composite materials (e.g., inorganic composites, organic composites, or combinations thereof), etc.

Abstract: Methods, apparatus, and business processes enabling individual chemists to design, order, and obtain data for multiple experiments or measurements in a timely and cost-effective manner. In particular implementations, the invention includes methods and apparatus for designing sets of custom experiments, ordering the execution of the experiments, communicating the order to a remote laboratory, executing the experiments at that laboratory using high-throughput technologies, and communicating the experimental results to the user.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for the preparation and use of a substrate having an array of diverse materials in predefined regions thereon. A substrate having an array of diverse materials thereon is generally prepared by delivering components of materials to predefined regions on a substrate, and simultaneously reacting the components to form at least two materials. Materials which can be prepared using the methods and apparatus of the present invention include, for example, covalent network solids, ionic solids and molecular solids. More particularly, materials which can be prepared using the methods and apparatus of the present invention include, for example, inorganic materials, intermetallic materials, metal alloys, ceramic materials, organic materials, organometallic materials, non-biological organic polymers, composite materials (e.g., inorganic composites, organic composites, or combinations thereof), etc.

Abstract: A combinatorial method for discovering or optimizing materials is disclosed. The method uses solution-based components that are mixed and dispensed into regions on a substrate for drying and/or heat-treating. The drying and/or heat-treating produces materials that can be tested for a desired property.

Abstract: Methods, apparatus, and business processes enabling individual chemists to design, order, and obtain data for multiple experiments or measurements in a timely and cost-effective manner. In particular implementations, the invention includes methods and apparatus for designing sets of custom experiments, ordering the execution of the experiments, communicating the order to a remote laboratory, executing the experiments at that laboratory using high-throughput technologies, and communicating the experimental results to the user.

Abstract: Methods, apparatus, and business processes enabling individual chemists to design, order, and obtain data for multiple experiments or measurements in a timely and cost-effective manner. In particular implementations, the invention includes methods and apparatus for designing sets of custom experiments, ordering the execution of the experiments, communicating the order to a remote laboratory, executing the experiments at that laboratory using high-throughput technologies, and communicating the experimental results to the user.

Abstract: A combinatorial method for discovering or optimizing materials is disclosed. The method uses solution-based components that are mixed and dispensed into regions on a substrate for drying and/or heat-treating. The drying and/or heat-treating produces materials that can be tested for a desired property.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for the preparation and use of a substrate having an array of diverse materials in predefined regions thereon. A substrate having an array of diverse materials thereon is generally prepared by delivering components of materials to predefined regions on a substrate, and simultaneously reacting the components to form at least two materials. Materials which can be prepared using the methods and apparatus of the present invention include, for example, covalent network solids, ionic solids and molecular solids. More particularly, materials which can be prepared using the methods and apparatus of the present invention include, for example, inorganic materials, intermetallic materials, metal alloys, ceramic materials, organic materials, organometallic materials, non-biological organic polymers, composite materials (e.g., inorganic composites, organic composites, or combinations thereof), etc.

Abstract: A combinatorial method for discovering or optimizing materials is disclosed. The method uses solution-based components that are mixed and dispensed into regions on a substrate for drying and/or heat-treating. The drying and/or heat-treating produces materials that can be tested for a desired property.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for the preparation and use of a substrate having an array of diverse materials in predefined regions thereon. A substrate having an array of diverse materials thereon is generally prepared by delivering components of materials to predefined regions on a substrate, and simultaneously reacting the components to form at least two materials. Materials which can be prepared using the methods and apparatus of the present invention include, for example, covalent network solids, ionic solids and molecular solids. More particularly, materials which can be prepared using the methods and apparatus of the present invention include, for example, inorganic materials, intermetallic materials, metal alloys, ceramic materials, organic materials, organometallic materials, non-biological organic polymers, composite materials (e.g., inorganic composites, organic composites, or combinations thereof), etc.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for the preparation and use of a substrate having an array of diverse materials in predefined regions thereon. A substrate having an array of diverse materials thereon is generally prepared by delivering components of materials to predefined regions on a substrate, and simultaneously reacting the components to form at least two materials. Materials which can be prepared using the methods and apparatus of the present invention include, for example, covalent network solids, ionic solids and molecular solids. More particularly, materials which can be prepared using the methods and apparatus of the present invention include, for example, inorganic materials, intermetallic materials, metal alloys, ceramic materials, organic materials, organometallic materials, non-biological organic polymers, composite materials (e.g., inorganic composites, organic composites, or combinations thereof), etc.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for the preparation and use of a substrate having an array of diverse materials in predefined regions thereon. A substrate having an array of diverse materials thereon is generally prepared by delivering components of materials to predefined regions on a substrate, and simultaneously reacting the components to form at least two materials. Materials which can be prepared using the methods and apparatus of the present invention include, for example, covalent network solids, ionic solids and molecular solids. More particularly, materials which can be prepared using the methods and apparatus of the present invention include, for example, inorganic materials, intermetallic materials, metal alloys, ceramic materials, organic materials, organometallic materials, non-biological organic polymers, composite materials (e.g., inorganic composites, organic composites, or combinations thereof), etc.