Abstract: A method and analyzer for monitoring the progress of a chemical process in which a fixed volume sample of the reactive mixture of the chemical process is periodically gathered and injected into a fluid stream of a liquid carrier. The sample in the liquid carrier is passed through an infrared detector which detects the amount present in the sample of a species of the reaction mixture which is indicative of the progress of the chemical process.

Abstract: An analyzer and method for detecting and measuring the water content in a liquid sample in which the liquid sample is fed from its source to a head space chamber. The flow of liquid to the chamber is then halted, the water molecules in the liquid sample allowed to pass into the gaseous phase and escape from the liquid sample. A water-free carrier gas is caused to flow to the chamber and over the liquid to carry the gaseous water molecules to a moisture detector while the flow of the liquid sample to the head space chamber is halted.

Abstract: A system and method for monitoring a volatile species in a liquid in which liquid is fed from its source to a head space chamber. The flow of liquid to the chamber is then halted, the volatile species allowed to escape into the gaseous phase above the liquid, and a carrier gas is caused to flow to the chamber and over the liquid to carry the gaseous phase of the species to a detector while the flow of the liquid to the head space chamber is halted. The liquid may be under pressure at the point in the source from which it is withdrawn into the system and returned to the source at a point also under pressure.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for monitoring the product quality of chlorine in which a sample stream of chlorine is taken from a chlorine stream and a portion of the sample stream is passed to one of three different analyzers for detection of various contaminants. A common data acquisition network receives data from each analyzer for integration and output. The analyzers include a bromine in chlorine analyzer, a non-condensable gas in chlorine analyzer, and a halocarbon in chlorine analyzer.

Abstract: A method and analyzer for monitoring the progress of a chemical process in which a fixed volume sample of the reactive mixture of the chemical process is periodically gathered and injected into a fluid stream of a liquid carrier. The sample in the liquid carrier is passed through an infrared detector which detects the amount present in the sample of a species of the reaction mixture which is indicative of the progress of the chemical process.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for detecting the presence of a vapor of an alkyl ester of phosphoric acid, particularly tributylphosphate, in ambient air. A sample of ambient air is heated to convert any alkyl ester of phosphoric acid to an alkene. The heated sample of air is then passed to a sample loop. Carrier air periodically carries a fixed volume of sample from the sample loop through a chromatographic column to a photoionization detector which detects the presence and amount of the alkene in the sample.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for monitoring the product quality of chlorine in which a sample stream of chlorine is taken from a chlorine stream and a portion of the sample stream is passed to one of three different analyzers for detection of various contaminants. A common data acquisition network receives data from each analyzer for integration and output. The analyzers include a bromine in chlorine analyzer, a non-condensable gas in chlorine analyzer, and a halocarbon in chlorine analyzer.

Abstract: An analyzer and method for detecting and measuring the water content of a fluid sample in which a stream of the fluid sample is mixed with and diluted by a dry gas to lower the water content of the resulting sample stream. The resulting sample stream is passed through a moisture detector which provides an electrical signal indicative of the amount of water in the diluted sample.

Abstract: A method for detecting the presence of a vapor of an alkyl ester of phosphoric acid, particularly tributylphosphate, in ambient air. A sample of ambient air is heated to convert any alkyl ester of phosphoric acid to an alkene. The heated sample of air is then passed to a sample loop. Carrier air periodically carries a fixed volume of sample from the sample loop through a chromatographic column to a photoionization detector which detects the presence and amount of the alkene in the sample.

Abstract: A continuous process for the production of chlorine dioxide by the electrolysis of an aqueous solution of sodium chlorite is provided. The process comprises electrolyzing the aqueous sodium chlorite solution to produce chlorine dioxide which dissolves to produce an aqueous solution of NaClO.sub.2 containing chlorine dioxide. The aqueous solution of sodium chlorite-containing ClO.sub.2 is passed through a photometric cell to measure the chlorite ion concentration as a function of the color produced by the ClO.sub.2 -NaClO.sub.2 -H.sub.2 O system. Chlorine dioxide gas is removed from the aqueous solution and recovered.The novel process of the present invention employs solutions containing low, accurately controlled concentrations of sodium chlorite ion which when electrolyzed avoid the formation of by-products such as a dark colored chlorine dioxide complex and sodium chlorate.

Abstract: Silver coated particles having high concentrations of metallic silver are produced which are useful in forming alloys with metals such as mercury. The process comprises admixing carrier particles with an aqueous solution of a silver salt to form a slurry. A hydrazine compound is added to the slurry to precipitate metallic silver on the carrier particles in a medium which becomes increasingly acidic. Silver coated particles having a metallic silver content up to 90 percent by weight of the coated particle can be produced in a single impregnation under conditions which prevent the formation of explosive by-products such as silver nitride. The silver coated particles are particularly suitable for the recovery of metals such as mercury from fluids.

Abstract: An apparatus and method are disclosed for automatically monitoring the sodium concentration of a sodium amalgam by means of a wet chemical analysis in which a mineral acid is reacted with a sample of the sodium amalgam to generate an amount of hydrogen gas proportional to the amount of sodium in the amalgam sampled. The amount of such hydrogen gas produced is detected and displayed in units of sodium concentration. A thermal conductivity detector is preferred as the means for determining the amount of hydrogen gas produced.

Abstract: An apparatus and method are disclosed for automatically monitoring the sodium concentration of a sodium amalgam by means of a wet chemical analysis in which a mineral acid is reacted with a sample of the sodium amalgam to generate an amount of hydrogen gas proportional to the amount of sodium in the amalgam sampled. The amount of such hydrogen gas produced is detected and displayed in units of sodium concentration. A thermal conductivity detector is preferred as the means for determining the amount of hydrogen gas produced.

Abstract: A method is presented for recovering mercury from mercury-containing liquids in which the liquids are contacted with particles of metallic silver. The method produces highly purified liquids which may be employed in applications having a low mercury tolerance such as the production of food or drug products.

Abstract: Polychloroisocyanurate products are produced in a continuous process which reacts a cyanuric acid component with a chlorinating agent in a reaction mixture to which a purge gas is fed to remove in an effluent gas, any nitrogen trichloride produced along with other by-products. The effluent gas is fed to a gas analyzer such as a gas chromatograph which determines the concentration of NCl.sub.3 present and compares it with a predetermined upper limit. If this upper limit is equalled or exceeded, the gas analyzer activates means to flood the reaction mixture with purge gas to prevent explosive amounts of nitrogen trichloride from being present in the reaction mixture. The gas analyzer may also control the feed rate of the cyanuric acid component and the chlorinating agent.The pH of the reaction mixture is also continuously measured in a pH analyzer having means to control the flow rate of the purge gas and reactants should the predetermined pH limits for the reaction be attained or exceeded.

Abstract: An apparatus for monitoring the pH of a sample source is disclosed. The apparatus has a sample chamber to which fluid is fed from the sample source for pH monitoring. An automatic rinse and buffer standardization system automatically, periodically standardizes the apparatus against a buffer solution of known pH.

Abstract: Polychloroisocyanurate products are produced in a continuous process which reacts a cyanuric acid component with a chlorinating agent in a reaction mixture to which a purge gas is fed to remove in an effluent gas, any nitrogen trichloride produced along with other by-products. The effluent gas is fed to a gas analyzer such as a gas chromatograph which determines the concentration of NCl.sub.3 present and compares it with a predetermined upper limit. If this upper limit is equalled or exceeded, the gas analyzer activates means to flood the reaction mixture with purge gas to prevent explosive amounts of nitrogen trichloride from being present in the reaction mixture. The gas analyzer may also control the feed rate of the cyanuric acid component and the chlorinating agent.The pH of the reaction mixture is also continuously measured in a pH analyzer having means to control the flow rate of the purge gas and reactants should the predetermined pH limits for the reaction be attained or exceeded.

Abstract: A method for the measurement of amounts of free available halogen in solution which is independent of the pH has been developed. The method comprises providing a sensing electrode having a porous conductive component and a reference electrode in a measuring zone, and connecting a potential measuring means between the sensing electrode and the reference electrode. An aqueous solution containing an available halogen is introduced into the measuring zone to contact the sensing electrode and the reference electrode. A pH control solution is passed through at least a portion of the porous conductive component. The free available halogen concentration is measured and indicated on the potential measuring means.Employing the method, residual amounts of an oxidizing or reducing agent in solution can be continuously measured, independent of the pH of the solution. In addition, the electrode surface is continuously cleansed by the pH control solution.

Abstract: An improved method and apparatus for the measurement of amounts of free available chlorine in solution which is independent of the pH have been developed. The apparatus includes a sensing electrode, which is internally buffered and self-cleaning, and a reference electrode supported within a container. A potential measuring means is connected between the electrodes. The solution containing the available chlorine is introduced to the container through an inlet and is released through an outlet.The improvement comprises employing as the sensing electrode a porous conductive material having means for internally supplying a pH control solution.Employing the apparatus, residual amounts of an oxidizing or reducing agent in solution can be continuously measured, independent of the pH of the solution. In addition, the electrode surface is continuously cleansed by the pH control solution.