Abstract: A method of estimating bone mineral density according to at least one embodiment of the present disclosure includes receiving one or more images of an anatomical element; generating, based on the one or more images of the anatomical element, a three-dimensional mask for the anatomical element; generating, based on the three-dimensional mask for the anatomical element, a transformed three-dimensional mask for at least a portion of the anatomical element; filtering the one or more images of the anatomical element with the transformed three-dimensional mask for the at least a portion of the anatomical element; and determining, based on the filtering, a bone mineral density for the at least a portion of the anatomical element.

Abstract: Patient monitoring systems and related devices and operating methods are provided. One exemplary method involves obtaining a predictive association model determined based on historical data associated with the patient that includes a plurality of associations, obtaining real-time data associated with the patient from a plurality of different data sources, determining a current state of the patient based at least in part on the real-time data, predicting occurrence of an event when the current state of the patient corresponds to an association of the plurality of associations, and in response to predicting the occurrence of the event, initiating an action in response to the predicted event.