Abstract: First and second pluralities of residual elements useable to reconstruct first and second respective parts of a representation of a signal are obtained. A transformation operation is performed to generate at least one correlation element. The transformation operation involves at least one residual element in the first plurality and at least one residual element in the second plurality. The at least one correlation element is dependent on an extent of correlation between the at least one residual element in the first plurality and the at least one residual element in the second plurality. The transformation operation is performed prior to the at least one correlation element being encoded.

Abstract: An encoder (300) configured to receive an input video (302) comprising respective frames, each frame being divided into a plurality of tiles and each tile being divided into a plurality of blocks. The encoder is configured to generate a base encoded stream (310) using a base encoder (306), determine (334) a temporal mode for one or more further encoded enhancement streams (328) generated using an enhancement encoder and generate the one or more further encoded enhancement streams (328) according to the determined temporal mode. The temporal mode is either a first temporal mode that does not apply non-zero values from a temporal buffer or a second temporal mode that does apply non-zero values from the temporal buffer (332). Generating the one or more further encoded enhancement streams comprises applying a transform (348) to each of a series of blocks. The temporal mode is determined for one or more of a frame, tile or block.

Abstract: The bit rate for encoding a signal is controlled. The signal is encoded using at least two distinct encoding algorithms. An overall bit rate is allocated to at least two components of the signal. A first component of the signal is to be encoded using a first encoding algorithm. A second component of the signal is to be encoded using a second encoding algorithm.

Abstract: Measures are provided to encode a signal. An input frame (102) is received and down-sampled to obtain a down-sampled frame (103). The down-sampled frame (103) is passed to an encoding module (104) which encodes the down-sampled frame (103) to generate an encoded frame (105). A decoded frame is obtained from a decoding module (106) which generates the decoded frame by decoding the encoded frame (105). A set of residual data (113) is generated by taking a difference between the decoded frame and the down-sampled frame (103) and is encoded to generate a set of encoded residual data. The encoding comprises transforming the set of residual data into a transformed set of residual data. The set of encoded residual data is output to a decoder to enable the decoder to reconstruct the input frame. Measures are also provided to decode a signal.

Abstract: A set of reconstruction elements useable to reconstruct a representation of a signal at a relatively high level of quality using data based on a representation of the signal at a relatively low level of quality is obtained. The representation at the relatively high level of quality is arranged as an array comprising at least first and second rows of signal elements. A reconstruction element is associated with a respective signal element in the set. A set of data elements is derived based on the set of reconstruction elements. At least one of the data elements is derived from at least two reconstruction elements associated with signal elements from the first row and a different number of reconstruction elements associated with signal elements from the second row.

Abstract: An encoder (300) configured to receive an input video (302) comprising respective frames, each frame being divided into a plurality of tiles and each tile being divided into a plurality of blocks. The encoder is configured to generate a base encoded stream (310) using abase encoder (306), determine (334) a temporal mode for one or more further encoded enhancement streams (328) generated using an enhancement encoder and generate the one or more further encoded enhancement streams (328) according to the determined temporal mode. The temporal mode is either a first temporal mode that does not apply non-zero values from a temporal buffer or a second temporal mode that does apply non-zero values from the temporal buffer (332). Generating the one or more further encoded enhancement streams comprises applying a transform (348) to each of a series of blocks. The temporal mode is determined for one or more of a frame, tile or block.

Abstract: Measures are provided to encode a signal. An input frame is received and down-sampled to obtain a down-sampled frame. The down-sampled frame is passed to an encoding module which encodes the down-sampled frame to generate an encoded frame. A decoded frame is obtained from a decoding module which generates the decoded frame by decoding the encoded frame. A set of residual data is generated by taking a difference between the decoded frame and the down-sampled frame and is encoded to generate a set of encoded residual data. The encoding comprises transforming the set of residual data into a transformed set of residual data. The set of encoded residual data is output to a decoder to enable the decoder to reconstruct the input frame. Measures are also provided to decode a signal.

Abstract: Examples of a low complexity enhancement video coding are described. Encoding and decoding methods are described, as well as corresponding encoders and decoders. The enhancement coding may operate on top of a base layer, which may provide base encoding and decoding. Spatial scaling may be applied across different layers. Only the base layer encodes full video, which may be at a lower resolution. The enhancement coding instead operates on computed sets of residuals. The sets of residuals are computed for a plurality of layers, which may represent different levels of scaling in one or more dimensions. A number of encoding and decoding components or tools are described, which may involve the application of transformations, quantization, entropy encoding and temporal buffering. At an example decoder, an encoded base stream and one or more encoded enhancement streams may be independently decoded and combined to reconstruct an original video.

Abstract: A vehicular warning system includes a plurality of input devices. A computing unit is electrically coupled to the input system. An input preprocessing classifies signals received from the plurality of input devices into Vehicle information, Roadway information, Traffic information, and eXogenous information (“VRT-X”) data structure. The early warning processing unit observes the VRT-X signal provided by the input preprocessing unit corresponding to an environment surrounding a vehicle, predicts future changes in the environment over a dynamically-configured range, and determines signal properties in both time and frequency domain over a moving window. Based on defined early warning classification rules, the computing unit assigns a threat level to the VRT-X signal corresponding to the environment surrounding the vehicle.

Abstract: According to an aspect of the invention there may be provided a method of encoding a stream of data, the method comprising: receiving an input signal; applying a first encoding operation on the input signal using a first codec to generate a first encoded stream; and, applying a second encoding operation on the input signal to generate a second encoded stream, wherein the first and second encoded streams are for combination at a decoder; and wherein the method further comprises exchanging information between the first encoding operation and the second encoding operation. A method of decoding, an encoder, decoder and computer readable medium are also provided.

Abstract: An encoder (300) configured to receive an input video (302) comprising respective frames, each frame being divided into a plurality of tiles and each tile being divided into a plurality of blocks. The encoder is configured to generate a base encoded stream (310) using abase encoder (306), determine (334) a temporal mode for one or more further encoded enhancement streams (328) generated using an enhancement encoder and generate the one or more further encoded enhancement streams (328) according to the determined temporal mode. The temporal mode is either a first temporal mode that does not apply non-zero values from a temporal buffer or a second temporal mode that does apply non-zero values from the temporal buffer (332). Generating the one or more further encoded enhancement streams comprises applying a transform (348) to each of a series of blocks. The temporal mode is determined for one or more of a frame, tile or block.

Abstract: A decoder (400) configured to receive a first output video and one or more further encoded streams (416, 428), decode respective frames of the one or more further encoded streams to derive respective sets of residuals; and combine (470) the sets of residuals with the first output video to generate a reconstructed output video (448). Each frame is divided into a plurality of tiles and each tile is divided into a plurality of blocks. To decode respective frames, the decoder is configured to obtain (440, 446) a preliminary set of residuals from the one or more further encoded streams, derive a set of temporal predictions using a temporal buffer (432), and combine (468) the set of temporal predictions with the preliminary set of residuals. The decoder is configured to provide for zeroing of values of the set of temporal predictions at a frame level, at a tile level and at a block level.

Abstract: A system for encoding a sequence of frames of a data signal. The system comprises: a first encoding system comprising at least: a first encoder configured to encode the sequence of frames according to a first encoding algorithm; and a first rate control unit configured to control a first bit rate at which the first encoder encodes said sequence of frames; a second encoding system comprising at least: a second encoder configured to encode a second sequence of frames associated with the sequence of frames according to a second encoding algorithm; and a second rate control unit configured to control a second bit rate at which the second encoder encodes said second sequence of frames associated with the sequence of frames.

Abstract: A set of reconstruction elements useable to reconstruct a representation of a signal at a relatively high level of quality using data based on a representation of the signal at a relatively low level of quality is obtained. The representation at the relatively high level of quality is arranged as an array comprising at least first and second rows of signal elements. A reconstruction element is associated with a respective signal element in the set. A set of data elements is derived based on the set of reconstruction elements. At least one of the data elements is derived from at least two reconstruction elements associated with signal elements from the first row and a different number of reconstruction elements associated with signal elements from the second row.

Abstract: A system for encoding a sequence of frames (171) of a data signal. The system comprises: a first encoding system (120) comprising at least: a first encoder (130) configured to encode the sequence of frames (171) according to a first encoding algorithm; and a first rate control unit (135) configured to control a first bit rate at which the first encoder (130) encodes said sequence of frames (171); a second encoding system (100) comprising at least: a second encoder (116) configured to encode a second sequence of frames (175) associated with the sequence of frames (171) according to a second encoding algorithm; and a second rate control unit (135) configured to control a second bit rate at which the second encoder (130) encodes said second sequence of frames (175) associated with the sequence of frames (171).

Abstract: First and second pluralities of residual elements useable to reconstruct first and second respective parts of a representation of a signal are obtained. A transformation operation is performed to generate at least one correlation element. The transformation operation involves at least one residual element in the first plurality and at least one residual element in the second plurality. The at least one correlation element is dependent on an extent of correlation between the at least one residual element in the first plurality and the at least one residual element in the second plurality. The transformation operation is performed prior to the at least one correlation element being encoded.

Abstract: Measures are provided to encode a signal. An input frame is received and down-sampled to obtain a down-sampled frame. The down-sampled frame is passed to an encoding module which encodes the down-sampled frame to generate an encoded frame. A decoded frame is obtained from a decoding module which generates the decoded frame by decoding the encoded frame. A set of residual data is generated by taking a difference between the decoded frame and the down-sampled frame and is encoded to generate a set of encoded residual data. The encoding comprises transforming the set of residual data into a transformed set of residual data. The set of encoded residual data is output to a decoder to enable the decoder to reconstruct the input frame. Measures are also provided to decode a signal.

Abstract: A set of reconstruction elements useable to reconstruct a representation of a signal at a relatively high level of quality using data based on a representation of the signal at a relatively low level of quality is obtained. The representation at the relatively high level of quality is arranged as an array comprising at least first and second rows of signal elements. A reconstruction element is associated with a respective signal element in the set. A set of data elements is derived based on the set of reconstruction elements. At least one of the data elements is derived from at least two reconstruction elements associated with signal elements from the first row and a different number of reconstruction elements associated with signal elements from the second row.

Abstract: First and second pluralities of residual elements useable to reconstruct first and second respective parts of a representation of a signal are obtained. A transformation operation is performed to generate at least one correlation element. The transformation operation involves at least one residual element in the first plurality and at least one residual element in the second plurality. The at least one correlation element is dependent on an extent of correlation between the at least one residual element in the first plurality and the at least one residual element in the second plurality. The transformation operation is performed prior to the at least one correlation element being encoded.

Abstract: The bit rate for encoding a signal is controlled. The signal is encoded using at least two distinct encoding algorithms. An overall bit rate is allocated to at least two components of the signal. A first component of the signal is to be encoded using a first encoding algorithm. A second component of the signal is to be encoded using a second encoding algorithm.