Abstract: An apparatus and method for applying x-ray absorption, refraction, and/or scatter detection methods to authenticate objects. The invention can be used for the authentication of any object, such as, without limitation, artwork, antiques, currency, shipped materials, etc., by the application of a detection material that is detectable by applying x-rays. The detection material is imbedded within the object, or otherwise invisible to the human eye, IR, UV, and conventional x-ray radiography techniques. The method of this invention is particularly useful in security applications, such as for verifying the authenticity of identification documents like passports and similar identification cards.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for precise angular positioning of an object. A first pivot arm and a second pivot arm each is pivotally mounted with respect to a base. A pivot base flex member is operatively connected to the first pivot arm and allows the first pivot arm to pivot with respect to the base, within a particular plane. A second pivot base flex member is operatively connected to the second pivot arm and allows the second pivot arm to pivot with respect to the base, and also within either the same plane or a different plane as the plane within which the first pivot arm pivots. Support structures maintain each of the first pivot arm and the second pivot arm within the particular plane or planes. An interconnect flex member connects the first pivot arm and the second pivot arm. With a relatively small base and thus overall apparatus, an input movement, such as a linear input of about 10 mm can be translated into an output movement of about 7200 radians.