Abstract: The present disclosure relates to Target-Enclosing Extended Image deconvolution. In a first aspect, the present disclosure provides methods to construct, from surface seismic reflection data, extended image gathers, i.e. time- and space-varying fields corresponding to virtual sources and receivers inside a subsurface volume, to retrieve both local reflection and local transmission responses corresponding to two datums at depth: an original observation datum and a second datum completely enclosing a chosen target subsurface volume away from the original observation datum (e.g., enclosing a target reservoir at depth). The methods of the present disclosure retrieve responses that are devoid of interference due to structures that may exist both above and below the target volume, i.e., the retrieved responses correspond only to the properties of the medium within or inside of the target volume.

Abstract: Processing measurements to create “reflectivity” data at a datum for a target using Joint Point-Spread Functions. The “reflectivity” data can be an image or an extended image. The methods can create single reflectivity data from measurements from multiple experiments, or multiple processed datasets via different processing routes from measurements from a single experiment, or measurements from a single experiment with multiple simultaneous sources.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to Target-Enclosing Extended Image deconvolution. In a first aspect, the present disclosure provides methods to construct, from surface seismic reflection data, extended image gathers, i.e. time- and space-varying fields corresponding to virtual sources and receivers inside a subsurface volume, to retrieve both local reflection and local transmission responses corresponding to two datums at depth: an original observation datum and a second datum completely enclosing a chosen target subsurface volume away from the original observation datum (e.g., enclosing a target reservoir at depth). The methods of the present disclosure retrieve responses that are devoid of interference due to structures that may exist both above and below the target volume, i.e., the retrieved responses correspond only to the properties of the medium within or inside of the target volume.

Abstract: For wavefield analysis/processes, constructing f1 solutions and utilizing the f1 solutions of a medium using iterative incomplete time-reversal. Using sources convolved with the f1 solution, propagating a wavefield without internal reverberation in a medium. Many applications of the resulting reverberation-free wavefield or virtual data are also disclosed.

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses for processing measurements to create an interferometry-based metric to measure inaccuracy of a model. The metric is used as a cost function for nonlinear inversions or simplified linear inversions or imaging.

Abstract: A technique includes performing reverse time imaging to determine an image in a region of interest. The reverse time imaging includes modeling a pressure wavefield and a gradient wavefield in the region of interest based at least in part on particle motion data and pressure data acquired by sensors in response to energy being produced by at least one source.

Abstract: Processing measurements to create “reflectivity” data at a datum for a target using Joint Point-Spread Functions. The “reflectivity” data can be an image or an extended image. The methods can create single reflectivity data from measurements from multiple experiments, or multiple processed datasets via different processing routes from measurements from a single experiment, or measurements from a single experiment with multiple simultaneous sources.

Abstract: A technique includes performing reverse time imaging to determine an image in a region of interest. The reverse time imaging includes modeling a pressure wavefield and a gradient wavefield in the region of interest based at least in part on particle motion data and pressure data acquired by sensors in response to energy being produced by at least one source.