Abstract: This invention relates to methods of producing a substantially homogenous population of mesenchymal stem cells derived from embryonic stem cells. Also, disclosed is a homogenous population of mesenchymal stem cells capable of further differentiating into a variety of specific cell types, characterized by various morphological factors and cell-specific markers. The compositions and methods described in this disclosure are useful for a variety of commercially important diagnostic, drug screening, and therapeutic applications.

Abstract: It has been discovered that the 2-carbon-modified derivatives of 1?,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 specifically stimulate osteoblasts to form new bone. The ability of the 2-carbon-modified vitamin D analogs to stimulate new bone formation suggest that these compounds can be used where synthesis of new bone is required. Thus, these compounds can be used either systemically or locally to stimulate the growth of bone transplants, to increase the rate of fracture healing and thereby reduce the time required for the healing of fractures, the stimulation of bone growth when required for replacement surgery, and also for the growth of bone to implants or other devices required to maintain the skeleton or teeth in the proper positions.