Abstract: An illumination system for producing a spatially distributed illumination pattern for measuring the cornea of an eye and, in particular, for determining the topography of the eye. In so doing, the system facilitates distance-independent measurements. The illumination system includes an illumination unit, an optical element for collimating the illumination light and a unit for producing a spatially distributed illumination pattern in the form of a fraxicon. In particular, the illumination unit includes a plurality of illumination modules which are arranged such that each illumination module illuminates part of the fraxicon, and consequently a full-area illumination is facilitated. The system for producing a spatially distributed illumination pattern serves to determine the topography of the cornea of an eye. Here, the system is designed as a compact module, and so it can be easily combined with other measurement systems, without interfering with the beam paths thereof.

Abstract: Exemplary embodiments are disclosed of current control circuits and methods of modulating supply current from a first device (e.g., a telematics control unit (TCU), etc.) to one or more second devices (e.g., one or more compensators, etc.). In an exemplary embodiment, a method includes modulating a supply current from a first device to a second device into different current values for reporting different information from the second device to the first device. An exemplary embodiment of a current control circuit includes a variable voltage source electrically coupled with a current source and a current sink. The current control circuit is configured to modulate the supply current from a first device to the second device into different current values for reporting different information from the second device to the first device.

Abstract: Exemplary embodiments are disclosed of methods and systems of power detection in RE circuits to provide gain compensation for vehicle systems. In exemplary embodiments, a module (e.g., a front end module (FEM), compensor, compensator, etc.) includes a gain modifier, a power detector, and a controller. The power detector is configured to detect a power output of the gain modifier. The controller is configured to determine a mean of n samples taken by the power detector. The controller is also configured to determine a boundary to mean ratio of the n samples. The controller is further configured to adjust a detected value of the power detector based on the mean and the boundary to mean ratio.

Abstract: A method for determining the topography of the cornea of an eye on the basis of an optical, contactless data capture. In the method for determining the topography of the cornea of an eye, which is based on a deflectometric method, the deflectometric measurements are carried out with the aid of a keratometric method by virtue of additional OCT-based scans being made at the keratometric measurement points, wherein the two measurement systems are registered to one another and both the keratometric and the OCT-based measurement values are recorded and used for mutual calibration to determine and output the topographic data. The proposed method serves to determine the topography of the cornea of an eye. It is helpful to ascertain the topography in order to be able to draw conclusions about possible pathological changes. Moreover, the exact measurement of the corneal topography is of great importance for correcting refractive errors.

Abstract: A method for determining the topography of the cornea of an eye on the basis of an optical, contactless data capture. In the method for determining the topography of the cornea of an eye, which is based on a deflectometric method, the deflectometric measurements are carried out with the aid of a keratometric method by virtue of additional OCT-based scans being made at the keratometric measurement points, wherein the two measurement systems are registered to one another and both the keratometric and the OCT-based measurement values are recorded and used for mutual calibration to determine and output the topographic data. The proposed method serves to determine the topography of the cornea of an eye. It is helpful to ascertain the topography in order to be able to draw conclusions about possible pathological changes. Moreover, the exact measurement of the corneal topography is of great importance for correcting refractive errors.

Abstract: A method for determining the topography of the cornea of an eye on the basis of an optical, contactless data capture. In the method for determining the topography of the cornea of an eye, which is based on a deflectometric method, the deflectometric measurements are carried out with the aid of a keratometric method by virtue of additional OCT-based scans being made at the keratometric measurement points, wherein the two measurement systems are registered to one another and both the keratometric and the OCT-based measurement values are recorded and used for mutual calibration to determine and output the topographic data. The proposed method serves to determine the topography of the cornea of an eye. It is helpful to ascertain the topography in order to be able to draw conclusions about possible pathological changes. Moreover, the exact measurement of the corneal topography is of great importance for correcting refractive errors.

Abstract: An illumination system for producing a spatially distributed illumination pattern for measuring the cornea of an eye and, in particular, for determining the topography of the eye. In so doing, the system facilitates distance-independent measurements. The illumination system includes an illumination unit, an optical element for collimating the illumination light and a unit for producing a spatially distributed illumination pattern in the form of a fraxicon. In particular, the illumination unit includes a plurality of illumination modules which are arranged such that each illumination module illuminates part of the fraxicon, and consequently a full-area illumination is facilitated. The system for producing a spatially distributed illumination pattern serves to determine the topography of the cornea of an eye. Here, the system is designed as a compact module, and so it can be easily combined with other measurement systems, without interfering with the beam paths thereof.

Abstract: This disclosure provides operating units for a medical apparatus having a driven movable element comprising a fixing device for being fixed to the movable element, an actuating element, a signal processing device, at least one actuation sensor for detecting an actuation of the actuating element in at least one predetermined actuation axis (B1??B1+, B2??B2+), wherein the actuation sensor is adapted to supply an actuation signal depending on a direction of actuation (B1?, B1+, B2?, B2+) in the actuation axis (B1??B1+, B2??B2+) to the signal processing device and at least one direction sensor for outputting a direction signal. The signal processing device is adapted to align an actuation coordinate system according to the direction signal such that the direction of movement is equal to the direction of actuation (B1??B1+, B2??B2+), and to supply a control signal according to the actuation signal in the aligned actuation coordinate system to a control device of the medical apparatus.

Abstract: A method for determining the topography of the cornea of an eye on the basis of an optical, contactless data capture. In the method for determining the topography of the cornea of an eye, which is based on a deflectometric method, the deflectometric measurements are carried out with the aid of a keratometric method by virtue of additional OCT-based scans being made at the keratometric measurement points, wherein the two measurement systems are registered to one another and both the keratometric and the OCT-based measurement values are recorded and used for mutual calibration to determine and output the topographic data. The proposed method serves to determine the topography of the cornea of an eye. It is helpful to ascertain the topography in order to be able to draw conclusions about possible pathological changes. Moreover, the exact measurement of the corneal topography is of great importance for correcting refractive errors.

Abstract: A drive train for a motor vehicle comprises an internal combustion engine which has a crankshaft and is designed to provide drive power for the motor vehicle. A clutch arrangement has an input member and at least one output member, the input member being connected to the crankshaft. A transmission arrangement implements a plurality of gear stages, the transmission arrangement having a transmission housing, at least one input shaft, and at least one output shaft. The output shaft is connectable to driven wheels of the motor vehicle. An electric machine is designed to provide drive power for the motor vehicle and is connected to a transmission shaft of the transmission arrangement. The transmission shaft has a shaft section which extends from the transmission housing and is connected to the electric machine via a traction drive mechanism.

Abstract: A drivetrain for a motor vehicle has a first electric machine provides drive power, wherein the first electric machine is connected to an electrical energy store. A differential can distribute drive power to two driven wheels or axles of the motor vehicle. A first transmission arrangement which connects the first electric machine to the differential. A second electric machine which is coupled to an internal combustion engine in order to charge the electrical energy store in a generator mode. A second transmission arrangement connects the internal combustion engine to the differential. The second transmission arrangement has a first gear stage and a second gear stage which can be alternately engaged, for the transmission of drive power from the internal combustion engine to the differential, by means of a clutch arrangement.

Abstract: This disclosure provides operating units for a medical apparatus having a driven movable element comprising a fixing device for being fixed to the movable element, an actuating element, a signal processing device, at least one actuation sensor for detecting an actuation of the actuating element in at least one predetermined actuation axis (B1?-B1+, B2?-B2+), wherein the actuation sensor is adapted to supply an actuation signal depending on a direction of actuation (B1?, B1+, B2?, B2+) in the actuation axis (B1?-B1+, B2?-B2+) to the signal processing device and at least one direction sensor for outputting a direction signal. The signal processing device is adapted to align an actuation coordinate system according to the direction signal such that the direction of movement is equal to the direction of actuation (B1?-B1+, B2?-B2+), and to supply a control signal according to the actuation signal in the aligned actuation coordinate system to a control device of the medical apparatus.

Abstract: Method for determining an adjustment parameter in a hydraulic actuator arrangement for a motor vehicle drivetrain. The actuator arrangement has a pump and a hydraulic cylinder. A pressure port of the pump is connected to a port of the hydraulic cylinder. The adjustment parameter is a function of the volume of the fluid that must be delivered by the pump in order to realize a predetermined operating point of the actuator arrangement. The operating point is defined by a value pair of an operating point rotational speed value of the pump and an operating point control value of the pump. The method has the steps: regulating the pump to the operating point rotational speed value such that the pump delivers a fluid volume flow rate corresponding to the operating point rotational speed value; and integrating the fluid volume flow rate over the time until a termination operating state of the actuator arrangement, in which the control value of the pump is less than or equal to the operating point control value.

Abstract: A drive train for a motor vehicle comprises an internal combustion engine which has a crankshaft and is designed to provide drive power for the motor vehicle. A clutch arrangement has an input member and at least one output member, the input member being connected to the crankshaft. A transmission arrangement implements a plurality of gear stages, the transmission arrangement having a transmission housing, at least one input shaft, and at least one output shaft. The output shaft is connectable to driven wheels of the motor vehicle. An electric machine is designed to provide drive power for the motor vehicle and is connected to a transmission shaft of the transmission arrangement. The transmission shaft has a shaft section which extends from the transmission housing and is connected to the electric machine via a traction drive mechanism.

Abstract: Method for determining an adjustment parameter in a hydraulic actuator arrangement for a motor vehicle drivetrain. The actuator arrangement has a pump and a hydraulic cylinder. A pressure port of the pump is connected to a port of the hydraulic cylinder. The adjustment parameter is a function of the volume of the fluid that must be delivered by the pump in order to realize a predetermined operating point of the actuator arrangement. The operating point is defined by a value pair of an operating point rotational speed value of the pump and an operating point control value of the pump. The method has the steps: regulating the pump to the operating point rotational speed value such that the pump delivers a fluid volume flow rate corresponding to the operating point rotational speed value; and integrating the fluid volume flow rate over the time until a termination operating state of the actuator arrangement, in which the control value of the pump is less than or equal to the operating point control value.

Abstract: A drivetrain for a motor vehicle has a first electric machine provides drive power, wherein the first electric machine is connected to an electrical energy store. A differential can distribute drive power to two driven wheels or axles of the motor vehicle. A first transmission arrangement which connects the first electric machine to the differential. A second electric machine which is coupled to an internal combustion engine in order to charge the electrical energy store in a generator mode. A second transmission arrangement connects the internal combustion engine to the differential. The second transmission arrangement has a first gear stage and a second gear stage which can be alternately engaged, for the transmission of drive power from the internal combustion engine to the differential, by means of a clutch arrangement.

Abstract: A method for actuating a friction clutch, in particular for a motor vehicle drivetrain. The friction clutch is acted on with a clutch pressure generated by a hydraulic actuator arrangement which has an electrically actuable fluid source and which has a hydraulic actuator whose state is characterized by an actuator actual value. The actuator actual value is related to the clutch pressure. The method has the steps: forming a regulation-oriented model of the actuator arrangement, which model has at least one fluid source actuating variable as an input and at least the actuator actual value as a flat output and which model can be inverted; forming an inverse model of the actuator arrangement; and inputting an actuator nominal value into the inverse model and using the model actuating variable which emerges therefrom for actuating the fluid source.

Abstract: A method for setting the engagement point of a friction clutch of a multi-step transmission for a motor vehicle. The friction clutch can be activated, controlled, by means of a clutch actuator. A set point value of the clutch actuator is set for the engagement point of the friction clutch as a function of a time profile of a physical variable which occurs starting from a transition state after activation of the friction clutch to a transition value. An electric machine is connected to the multi-step transmission. Influencing of the multi-step transmission by the electric machine is taken into account in the setting of the engagement point of the friction clutch.

Abstract: A method for activating a clutch of a vehicle drive train. A controller of an electronic control unit generates an electrical desired-value signal corresponding to a desired pressure with which the clutch is to be acted upon. The control unit receives from a sensor an electrical actual-value signal which is to correspond to an actual pressure with which the clutch is acted upon. The sensor measures the pressure at a measurement location which is connected via a transfer link to an action location at which the clutch is acted upon with a clutch pressure. The actual-value signal passes through a transfer element having a delay property before it is delivered to the controller.

Abstract: A method for actuating a friction clutch, in particular for a motor vehicle drivetrain. The friction clutch is acted on with a clutch pressure generated by a hydraulic actuator arrangement which has an electrically actuable fluid source and which has a hydraulic actuator whose state is characterized by an actuator actual value. The actuator actual value is related to the clutch pressure. The method has the steps: forming a regulation-oriented model of the actuator arrangement, which model has at least one fluid source actuating variable as an input and at least the actuator actual value as a flat output and which model can be inverted; forming an inverse model of the actuator arrangement; and inputting an actuator nominal value into the inverse model and using the model actuating variable which emerges therefrom for actuating the fluid source.