Abstract: A method for determining a temperature of a fluid flowing through a pipe section includes: determining a temperature of the pipe section; obtaining a reference temperature at a distance from a surface of the pipe section; determining a heat transfer behaviour, in particular a thermal resistance, of a boundary layer of the fluid on an inner wall of the pipe section based on at least one material property and/or at least one value of a state variable of the fluid; and determining the temperature of the fluid based on the heat transfer behaviour of the boundary layer, a heat transfer behavior, in particular a thermal resistance, of the pipe section, the temperature of the pipe section, and the reference temperature.

Abstract: An EMS garment for enclosing a body part of a trainee during an EMS training session includes textile area sections and EMS electrodes for transmitting EMS stimuli from a connected EMS stimulation generating unit to the body part, which EMS electrodes are each connected to one of the textile area sections and are each formed as a pad or a textile structure section having an electrically conductive layer so as to flexibly snuggle to the body part. The textile area sections facing the front side and the rear side are connected along a height direction by stretch sections facing both flanks of the body part, each of which consists of a rubber-elastic, elastomeric solid material.

Abstract: An EMS exercise device is provided which includes EMS electrodes and at least one sacrificial anode, preferably a dedicated sacrificial anode for each EMS electrode. The at least one sacrificial anode is connected to the EMS electrodes in an electrically conductive manner in order to protect the EMS electrodes and/or other elements in the electrically conductive connections from corrosion. In addition, an EMS electrode with a sacrificial anode, an EMS garment a sacrificial anode, an EMS signal cable a sacrificial anode, an EMS pulse generating unit a sacrificial anode, and an EMS undergarment with a sacrificial anode for an EMS exercise device are provided, and a method for operating an EMS exercise device, for which a sacrificial anode is provided.

Abstract: An EMS stimulation current transmission element for an EMS garment includes a planar current transmission region of an EMS electrode for transmitting EMS stimuli to the living body, which contains a number of two-dimensionally arranged linear current conductor strand sections and is connected, via a further number of linear current conductor strand sections, to a connection point that is in particular spaced apart from the current transmission region, at which connection point the EMS stimulation current transmission element can be connected to an EMS stimulation current production unit, in order to load the current transmission region with an EMS stimulation current shaped by the EMS stimulus current production unit from a current drawn from a current source to form a pulse sequence and/or to form an alternating current. The current transmission region has a single linear current conductor strand section. An EMS garment has an EMS stimulation current transmission element.

Abstract: The invention is concerned with an EMS garment, such as a vest or a bottom strap, for enclosing a body part of a trainee during an EMS training session, comprising textile area sections (1, 2, 3; 101, 102, 103) for plane snuggling to the body part, and EMS electrodes for transmitting EMS stimuli consisting of current pulses and/or alternating current with predetermined values such as amplitude and frequency from a connected EMS stimulation generating unit to the body part, which EMS electrodes are each connected to one of the textile area sections (1, 2, 3; 101, 102, 103) and are each formed as a pad or a textile structure section having an electrically conductive conductive layer so as to flexibly snuggle to the body part, wherein the EMS garment comprises, in regions facing the front side and the rear side of the body part, at least one of the textile area sections (1, 2, 3; 101, 102, 103), wherein the textile area sections (1, 2, 3; 101, 102, 103) facing the front side and the rear side are connecte

Abstract: An EMS training device includes an EMS stimulus generating unit for generating EMS stimuli following a specified excitation pattern with current pulses and/or an alternating current. EMS electrodes are attached to a living body in pairs for applying the EMS stimuli to the body. Line branches connect the EMS electrodes to the EMS stimulus generating unit to apply the EMS stimuli to corresponding EMS electrodes such that a current with a specified amplitude and frequency pattern is conducted through the body. To protect the EMS electrodes and/or other susceptible elements of the line branches from corrosion, the EMS training device has at least one measuring device for measuring a value of a resistance in the line branch, a comparison device for comparing the value with a target value, and at least one compensation device for compensating for a deviation of the actual value from the target value.

Abstract: An EMS stimulation current transmission element for an EMS garment includes a planar current transmission region of an EMS electrode for transmitting EMS stimuli to the living body, which contains a number of two-dimensionally arranged linear current conductor strand sections and is connected, via a further number of linear current conductor strand sections, to a connection point that is in particular spaced apart from the current transmission region, at which connection point the EMS stimulation current transmission element can be connected to an EMS stimulation current production unit, in order to load the current transmission region with an EMS stimulation current shaped by the EMS stimulus current production unit from a current drawn from a current source to form a pulse sequence and/or to form an alternating current. The current transmission region has a single linear current conductor strand section. An EMS garment has an EMS stimulation current transmission element.

Abstract: An EMS training device includes an EMS stimulus generating unit for generating EMS stimuli following a specified excitation pattern with current pulses and/or an alternating current. EMS electrodes are attached to a living body in pairs for applying the EMS stimuli to the body. Line branches connect the EMS electrodes to the EMS stimulus generating unit to apply the EMS stimuli to corresponding EMS electrodes such that a current with a specified amplitude and frequency pattern is conducted through the body. To protect the EMS electrodes and/or other susceptible elements of the line branches from corrosion, the EMS training device has at least one measuring device for measuring a value of a resistance in the line branch, a comparison device for comparing the value with a target value, and at least one compensation device for compensating for a deviation of the actual value from the target value.

Abstract: An EMS exercise device is provided which includes EMS electrodes and at least one sacrificial anode, preferably a dedicated sacrificial anode for each EMS electrode. The at least one sacrificial anode is connected to the EMS electrodes in an electrically conductive manner in order to protect the EMS electrodes and/or other elements in the electrically conductive connections from corrosion. In addition, an EMS electrode with a sacrificial anode, an EMS garment a sacrificial anode, an EMS signal cable a sacrificial anode, an EMS pulse generating unit a sacrificial anode, and an EMS undergarment with a sacrificial anode for an EMS exercise device are provided, and a method for operating an EMS exercise device, for which a sacrificial anode is provided.

Abstract: A machine has a basic body and a machine element. The machine element can be moved relative to the basic body by an electric working drive which is connected to an electric supply system via a working converter. An electric buffer drive is connected to the electric supply system via a buffer converter. The working converter and the buffer converter are controlled by a control device in line with a predetermined travel movement of the machine element in a coordinated manner. The coordination is such that a total load on the supply system by both converters together during the total travel movement of the machine element remains below a maximum load prompted by the working converter alone. The buffer drive has a drive shaft which has no flywheel connected to it.

Abstract: A press with a cylinder for the movement of a pressure element is described. The cylinder is connected to a toggle lever, wherein the toggle lever is connected to a drive and wherein the drive moves the cylinder via the toggle lever.

Abstract: A process for producing a liquid formulation of salts of sulfonated azo dyes by coupling an at least equimolar amount of diazotized aminoarylsulfonic acids I H2N—Ar—SO3H??(I), where Ar is phenylene (which may be monosubstituted by sulfo) or naphthylene (which may be mono- or disubstituted by sulfo and/or monosubstituted by hydroxyl) onto the coupling product of an unsubstituted or methyl-substituted phenylenediamine with itself comprises dissolving the azo dye in a basic medium and then subjecting the solution to a nanofiltration.

Abstract: An epichlorohydrinamine polymer has a ratio of amine units to epichlorohydrin units of from 0.8:1.2 to 1.0:1.0, dimethylaminopropylamine and benzylamine preferably being used as amine and/or ammonium units. The novel epichlorohydrinamine polymer is used, for example, for the surface treatment of semifinished leather products and textile materials.

Abstract: A machine has a basic body and a machine element. The machine element can be moved relative to the basic body by an electric working drive which is connected to an electric supply system via a working converter. An electric buffer drive is connected to the electric supply system via a buffer converter. The working converter and the buffer converter are controlled by a control device in line with a predetermined travel movement of the machine element in a coordinated manner. The coordination is such that a total load on the supply system by both converters together during the total travel movement of the machine element remains below a maximum load prompted by the working converter alone. The buffer drive has a drive shaft which has no flywheel connected to it.

Abstract: A press with a cylinder for the movement of a pressure element is described. The cylinder is connected to a toggle lever, wherein the toggle lever is connected to a drive and wherein the drive moves the cylinder via the toggle lever.

Abstract: The present invention relates to aqueous liquid formulations comprising 5-25% by weight of a dye composition comprising 70-95% by weight of a dye obtainable by reduction or thermal treatment of Direct Yellow 11 1-30% by weight of a blue direct dye and 0-20% by weight of a red direct dye (all based on the dye composition) 1-15% by weight of a saturated, cyclic or acyclic water-soluble amine comprising a primary, secondary or tertiary amino group and at least one further functional group selected from primary, secondary and tertiary amino groups, OH groups and ether groups, and 1-30% by weight of urea based on the total weight of the aqueous liquid formulation, wherein the total amount of water-soluble amine and urea does not exceed 40% by weight, and also their use for dyeing cellulose material especially paper.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a composition comprising at least one polyfunctional aziridine compound and 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane. The present invention furthermore relates to the use of this composition as a curing component for formulations in the area of leather treatment, of coatings, of textile printing and of surface coatings.

Abstract: In order to increase the safety of vehicle occupants, in particular in order to reduce the stresses acting in a vehicle deceleration in the event of an impact, a force-transmission element (1) having two different levels is provided for an engine compartment. According to the invention this force-transmission element is incorporated into the force path which is initiated by the impact and it can be shifted from one level to another according to the position of the engine in the engine compartment.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a composition comprising at least one polyfunctional aziridine compound and 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane and a process for its preparation. The present invention furthermore relates to the use of this composition as a curing component for formulations in the area of leather treatment, of coatings, of textile printing and of surface coatings.

Abstract: The invention relates to polyurethane foams comprising (i) ethylenimine, polyethylenimine, polyvinylamine, polyvinylamine copolymers, carboxymethylated polyethylenimines, phosphonomethylated polyethylenimines, quarternized polyethylenimines and/or dithiocarbamatized polyethylenimines or (ii) alkali hydroxides and/or alkaline earth metal hydroxides or a mixture consisting of both (i) and (ii).