Abstract: The invention relates to a method for preferably adiabatic nitration of nitratable aromatic organic compounds (aromatics) and to a corresponding plant, in particular a production plant (nitration plant) for carrying out said method.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for preferably adiabatic nitration of nitratable aromatic organic compounds (aromatics) and to a corresponding plant, in particular a production plant (nitration plant) for carrying out said method.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and to a device for removing contaminants arising during the production of aliphatic or alicyclic nitric acid esters, in particular for removing contaminants from nitrated crude nitric acid esters, which nitrated crude nitric acid esters arise during the nitration of monovalent or multivalent aliphatic or alicyclic alcohols capable of nitration, after the separation of the final nitrating acid, and to a production system for nitrating monovalent or multivalent aliphatic alcohols capable of nitration with subsequent purification of the nitrated nitric acid esters.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and to a device for removing contaminants arising during the production of aliphatic or alicyclic nitric acid esters, in particular for removing contaminants from nitrated crude nitric acid esters, which nitrated crude nitric acid esters arise during the nitration of monovalent or multivalent aliphatic or alicyclic alcohols capable of nitration, after the separation of the final nitrating acid, and to a production system for nitrating monovalent or multivalent aliphatic alcohols capable of nitration with subsequent purification of the nitrated nitric acid esters.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and to a device for removing contaminants arising during the production of aliphatic or alicyclic nitric acid esters, in particular for removing contaminants from nitrated crude nitric acid esters, which nitrated crude nitric acid esters arise during the nitration of monovalent or multivalent aliphatic or alicyclic alcohols capable of nitration, after the separation of the final nitrating acid, and to a production system for nitrating monovalent or multivalent aliphatic alcohols capable of nitration with subsequent purification of the nitrated nitric acid esters.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for purifying raw dinitrotoluenes resulting from dinitration of toluene in the presence of a nitric acid/sulfuric acid/nitrating acid mixture, and a device or plant for performing the method, and a corresponding production plant for producing dinitrotoluene, characterized in that (a) the raw dinitrotoluenes are first subjected to a wash with at least one washing medium after separation of the nitrating acid mixture, followed by a separation of the washing medium; and that (b) subsequently the washed dinitrotoluenes resulting from method step (a) are subjected to stripping (stripping gas treatment) with at least one gas (stripping gas).

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for purifying raw dinitrotoluenes resulting from dinitration of toluene in the presence of a nitric acid/sulfuric acid/nitrating acid mixture, and a device or plant for performing the method, and a corresponding production plant for producing dinitrotoluene, characterized in that (a) the raw dinitrotoluenes are first subjected to a wash with at least one washing medium after separation of the nitrating acid mixture, followed by a separation of the washing medium; and that (b) subsequently the washed dinitrotoluenes resulting from method step (a) are subjected to stripping (stripping gas treatment) with at least one gas (stripping gas).

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for purifying raw dinitrotoluenes resulting from dinitration of toluene in the presence of a nitric acid/sulfuric acid/nitrating acid mixture, and a device or plant for performing the method, and a corresponding production plant for producing dinitrotoluene, characterized in that (a) the raw dinitrotoluenes are first subjected to a wash with at least one washing medium after separation of the nitrating acid mixture, followed by a separation of the washing medium; and that (b) subsequently the washed dinitrotoluenes resulting from method step (a) are subjected to stripping (stripping gas treatment) with at least one gas (stripping gas).

Abstract: Process for scrubbing a crude mixture which is obtained in the nitration of toluene after separating off the nitrating acid and comprises dinitrotoluene, nitric acid, nitrogen oxides and sulfuric acid, which comprises two scrubbing steps (WS-I) and (WS-II), wherein i) in a first scrubbing step (WS-I), the crude mixture is extracted with a scrubbing acid I comprising nitric acid, nitrogen oxides and sulfuric acid in a scrub comprising at least one extraction stage, where the scrubbing acid discharged from the first extraction stage (WS-I-1) of the first scrubbing step (WS-I) has a total acid content of from 10 to 40% by weight and a content of from 80 to 350 ppm of hydrocyanic acid, giving a prescrubbed crude mixture, ii) in a second scrubbing step (WS-II), the prescrubbed crude mixture comprising dinitrotoluene is extracted with a scrubbing acid II in a scrub comprising at least one, preferably at least 2, extraction stage(s), where the scrubbing acid discharged from the first extraction stage (WS-II-1) of th

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for purifying raw dinitrotoluenes resulting from dinitration of toluene in the presence of a nitric acid/sulfuric acid/nitrating acid mixture, and a device or plant for performing the method, and a corresponding production plant for producing dinitrotoluene, characterized in that (a) the raw dinitrotoluenes are first subjected to a wash with at least one washing medium after separation of the nitrating acid mixture, followed by a separation of the washing medium; and that (b) subsequently the washed dinitrotoluenes resulting from method step (a) are subjected to stripping (stripping gas treatment) with at least one gas (stripping gas).

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for removing impurities from nitrated crude products obtained during the nitration of nitratable aromatic compounds, after removal of the final nitrating acid, by treatment with a washing medium, and also to a plant or apparatus suitable for implementing this method. Further provided by the invention is a production plant for the nitration of nitratable aromatic compounds with subsequent purification of the nitrated products.

Abstract: Process for scrubbing a crude mixture which is obtained in the nitration of toluene after separating off the nitrating acid and comprises dinitrotoluene, nitric acid, nitrogen oxides and sulfuric acid, which comprises two scrubbing steps (WS-I) and (WS-II), wherein i) in a first scrubbing step (WS-I), the crude mixture is extracted with a scrubbing acid I comprising nitric acid, nitrogen oxides and sulfuric acid in a scrub comprising at least one extraction stage, where the scrubbing acid discharged from the first extraction stage (WS-I-1) of the first scrubbing step (WS-I) has a total acid content of from 10 to 40% by weight and a content of from 80 to 350 ppm of hydrocyanic acid, giving a prescrubbed crude mixture, ii) in a second scrubbing step (WS-II), the prescrubbed crude mixture comprising dinitrotoluene is extracted with a scrubbing acid II in a scrub comprising at least one, preferably at least 2, extraction stage(s), where the scrubbing acid discharged from the first extraction stage (WS-II-1) of t

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for removing impurities from nitrated crude products obtained during the nitration of nitratable aromatic compounds, after removal of the final nitrating acid, by treatment with a washing medium, and also to a plant or apparatus suitable for implementing this method. Further provided by the invention is a production plant for the nitration of nitratable aromatic compounds with subsequent purification of the nitrated products.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for removing impurities from nitrated crude products obtained during the nitration of nitratable aromatic compounds, after removal of the final nitrating acid, by treatment with a washing medium, and also to a plant or apparatus suitable for implementing this method. Further provided by the invention is a production plant for the nitration of nitratable aromatic compounds with subsequent purification of the nitrated products.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for removing impurities from nitrated crude products obtained during the nitration of nitratable aromatic compounds, after removal of the final nitrating acid, by treatment with a washing medium, and also to a plant or apparatus suitable for implementing this method. Further provided by the invention is a production plant for the nitration of nitratable aromatic compounds with subsequent purification of the nitrated products.

Abstract: In a method for producing a hinge-like bend line (3a,b, 4a,b or 5a,b) in a sheet (1) of paper, paperboard, cardboard or foil, particularly a brochure cover, by rotatively driven tools (7.1, 7.2), the bending line (3a,b, 4a,b or 5a,b) is produced by roll bending without scoring the material in the form of a scoring bead. The roll bending is preferably realized by the cooperation of a tool edge (12a) of a first rotary tool member (8.1) with a conical outside surface (11a) of a second rotary tool member (9.1). The roll bending process lowers the bending resistance of the sheet (1) in the region of the bending point (3a,b, 4a,b or 5a,b), wherein the sheet (1) is simultaneously pre-bent in a certain direction along the bending point (3a,b, 4a,b), e.g., in order to take into account the position of the brochure cover on the book block at the spine edges (the sheet is pre-bent inward in a U-shaped fashion).

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for the preparation of nitric esters of monohydric alcohols wherein a monohydric alcohol or a mixture of monohydric alcohols is converted with nitric acid to the corresponding nitric esters under adiabatic reaction conditions in the presence of sulfuric acid.

Abstract: Disclosed are means and method for forming elastic connection between ceramic and metallic structural elements. The means comprises a ceramic structural element; a metallic structural element having thermal and elastic properties different from those of the ceramic structural element; and a connecting element connecting the ceramic and metallic structural elements and comprising an insulating resilient body of ceramic material having a thermal conductivity of between about 0.02 and 0.25 W/cmK at a temperature difference between the ceramic and metallic structural elements of from about 100 to 1500 Centigrade degrees, an elastic modulus of between about 5000 and 150,000 N/mm.sup.2 and being substantially free of plastic deformation.