Abstract: A method of negotiating a proper communication protocol between a reader device (10) and a data carrier (20) is disclosed. In a first step, when the data carrier (20) is inserted into the reader device (10) at a first point in time (t1), the data carrier (20) provides information to the reader device (10), which communication protocols are supported by the data carrier (20), by means of a binary value (BV). In a next step, the reader device (10) chooses/sets one of the possible communication protocols according to its own capability. This choice is provided to the data carrier (20) by applying a clock signal (CLK) of a certain frequency (f), which is associated with the chosen/set communication protocol, to an input contact (C3) of the data carrier (20) at a second point in time (t2). Finally, the data carrier (20) sets the chosen communication protocol received from the reader device (10), thereby finalizing the negotiation sequence.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of determining physical properties of an optical layer or layer system by means of spectral transmission and/or reflection measurements, whereby in accordance with the spectrum of the transmission and/or reflection measurement, reference values for the wavelength-dependent refractive indices n0 and/or extinction coefficients k0 are chosen from known values or are determined experimentally and the variation that characterizes the layer is described by wavelength-independent variation constants Kn and Kk for the refractive indices and extinction coefficients.

Abstract: In order to provide an electronic circuit arrangement (100) comprising at least one random number generating unit (10) for generating at least one random number (RN; RN1), wherein a calculation or estimation of the random numbers (RN; RN1) used in software (20) is not possible, especially not by physical measuring methods, at least one additional or second random number generating unit (12) for generating at least one additional or second random number (RN2) is proposed.

Abstract: The invention relates to a measuring device for measuring the degree of transmission of a coating on a glass plate. The glass plate rests on a support relative to which it is shifted. The support is provided with a gap enabling a light beam to pass through the glass plate and to impinge on a light receiver. Thus, the degree of transmission of the coating can be determined. Further, the reflection and the electric resistance of the coating can be measured by the measuring device.

Abstract: A thermal separating process for removing a stream containing enriched (meth)acrylic monomers from a mixture containing (meth)acrylic monomers, in which the liquid phases retained in the separating space at high temperature and high (meth)acrylic monomer content are minimized.

Abstract: A process for rectificatively separating fluids including (meth)acrylic monomers in a rectification column by directly cooling the vapor including (meth)acrylic monomers rising to the top of the rectification column to form top condensate including (meth)acrylic monomers, the condensation space at the top of the column being separated from the region of the rectification column containing the separating internals only by at least one chimney tray from which the top condensate formed is removed from the rectification column, which includes effecting the direct cooling of the vapor in the condensation space in at least two spray zones which are spatially successive and are flowed through by vapor by spraying supercooled top condensate including added polymerization inhibitor, and the temperature of the sprayed supercooled top condensate becoming lower from spray zone to spray zone in the flown direction of the vapor.

Abstract: In process for cleaning tray columns which are used for the purposes of rectifiying liquids comprising (meth)acrylic compounds, a basic liquid is conveyed downward through the tray column and a gas is passed through the column in countercurrent to the basic liquid at an average gas phase differential pressure over all trays of at least 0.5 mbar/tray.

Abstract: A column for the thermal treatment of mixtures which contain one or more polymerizable compounds is proposed, which column has dual-flow trays with openings whose diameter is constant within a dual-flow tray, the dual-flow trays having openings of decreasing diameter with increasing distance from the feed of the mixture to be treated.

Abstract: A process for rectificatively separating liquids containing (meth)acrylic monomers in a rectification column is provided, in which a stream is withdrawn from the rectification column and recycled into the rectification column as a molecular oxygen-enriched liquid phase.

Abstract: Basic (meth)acrylates IV are prepared by transesterification of alkyl (meth)acrylates I in the presence of a catalyst and working-up of the reaction mixture by distillation, by a process in which a gas or gas mixture which is inert under the reaction conditions is passed through the reaction zone and/or heat exchanger.

Abstract: A process for cleaning apparatus in which (meth)acrylic acid-containing organic solvents have been treated and/or generated and contain fouling and/or polymer and residues of organic solvent, in which the apparatus contents are subjected to a steam distillation in the apparatus.

Abstract: A method of delivering a fluid containing at least one (meth)acrylic monomer by a pump in which a pump cavity and drive compartment are separated by a separator compartment filled with a barrier medium at elevated pressure and that is sealed with double-acting slide ring packings.

Abstract: In a thermal separating process between at least one gaseous and at least one liquid stream, of which at least one comprises (meth)acrylic monomers, in a separating column containing sieve trays as separating internals, at least some of the sieve trays are operated above an entrainment fraction of 10% by weight.

Abstract: The present invention relates to novel (meth)acrylic esters of polyalkoxylated trimethylolpropane of the formula where EO is O—CH2-CH2- PO is independently at each instance O—CH2-CH(CH3)- or O—CH(CH3)-CH2- n1, n2 and n3 are independently 4, 5 or 6, n1+n2+n3 is 14, 15 or 16, m1, m2 and m3 are independently 1, 2 or 3, m1+m2+m3 is 4, 5 or 6, R1, R2 and R3 are independently H or CH3, a simplified process for preparing these esters and the use of reaction mixtures thus obtainable.

Abstract: Acrylic acid is prepared from propene by means of gas-phase oxidation by a process in which a starting gas mixture which contains propene and steam and whose molar propene/steam ratio is ?1 and whose propane content is ?5% is passed at elevated temperatures through a fixed catalyst bed comprising successive catalyst part-beds A and B, the part-bed A passed through first containing, as active material, a mixed oxide containing the elements Mo, Bi and Fe and the part-bed B containing, as active material, a mixed oxide containing the elements Mo and V, in a manner such that at least 96.5 mol % of propene are converted in a single pass through part-bed A.

Abstract: The present invention relates to novel (meth)acrylic esters of polyalkoxylated trimethylolpropane of the formula where AO is for each AO independently at each instance EO, PO or BO where EO is O—CH2-CH2- PO is independently at each instance O—CH2-CH(CH3)- or O—CH(CH3)-CH2- BO is independently at each instance O—CH2-CH(CH2-CH3)- or O—CH(CH2-CH3)-CH2- p1+p2+p3 is 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74 or 75, R1, R2 and R3 are independently H or CH3, a simplified process for preparing these esters and the use of reaction mixtures thus obtainable.

Abstract: A method for using a clamp for detachable connection of a column tray to a support ring in a column including using a clamp which includes a bolt lower clamp part connected to the bolt. The lower clamp part has at least one orifice through which a liquid present in the column can flow away.

Abstract: (Meth)acrylic monomers are separated by a thermal separation process by ascending at least one ascending gaseous stream in a separating column containing a sequence of mass transfer trays and a liquid stream that contains dissolved polymerization inhibitor which descends in the separating column, and in at least one of the streams being (meth)acrylic monomers; and spraying the inner surface of the separating column with the descending liquid stream that contains the dissolved polymerization inhibitor, and the separating column having internals, certain areas of which are shadow regions of the sprayed descending liquid stream; and which shadow regions are equipped by covering means which prevent contact of the shadow regions with (meth)acrylic monomers and consequently undesired polymerization of monomer.

Abstract: A chimney tray for a column for thermal treatment of a liquid. The chimney tray includes a total take-off of liquid by a drain connection arranged at an edge of the chimney tray, and having one or more drain channels having a gradient in a direction of the drain connection, and having a gradient in a direction of the one or more drain channels.

Abstract: A process for preparing and/or working up mixtures by (meth)acrylic acid and/or (meth)acrylic ester in the presence of at least one polymerization inhibitor and at least one oxygenous gas, which comprises metering in at least part of the oxygenous gas at an exit rate of at least 50 mm/s.