Abstract: A method and composition for joining flip chips back-side-up with respect to substrates by applying an adhesive between the active side of the flip chip and the substrate. The adhesive is a conductive silicone pressure sensitive adhesive containing (i) a silicone resin, (ii) a siloxane gum, (iii) a conductive particulate material, and optionally, (iv) a peroxide catalyst. Suitable conductive particulate materials are silver-clad glass fibers; spherical gold particles; spherical hollow glass microspheres coated with silver, gold, nickel, or copper; or spherical particles of metal alloys of Sn/Cu, Pb/Sn, or Au/Sn. The adhesive can be applied as a ball or bump itself, in conjunction with a solder ball or bump, or in the form of tape sandwiched between the flip chip and substrate.

Abstract: A system and method is provided for forming semiconductor tear-drop shaped bodies having minimal grain boundaries. Semiconductor material is melted in a capillary tube at the top of a tower, and forced under gas pressure through a nozzle. Separate semiconductor bodies are formed. They are passed through a free fall path over which a predetermined temperature gradient controls solidification of the bodies. The resultant bodies are tear-drop semiconductor bodies of near uniform size with minimal grain boundaries.

Abstract: Semiconductor particles are distributed in a single level layer orientation in a glass sheet with portions of each particle exposed at both surfaces of the sheet. A metal layer on one surface of the sheet is in ohmic contact with the body of each particle and forms a common electrode.

Abstract: A system and method is provided for forming semiconductor tear-drop shaped bodies having minimal grain boundaries. Semiconductor material is melted in a capillary tube at the top of a tower, and forced under gas pressure through a nozzle. Separate semiconductor bodies are formed. They are passed through a free fall path over which a predetermined temperature gradient controls solidification of the bodies. The resultant bodies are tear-drop semiconductor bodies of near uniform size with minimal grain boundaries.

Abstract: Semiconductor particles are distributed in a single level layer orientation in a glass sheet with portions of each particle exposed at both surfaces of the sheet. A metal layer on one surface of the sheet is in ohmic contact with the body of each particle and forms a common electrode.

Abstract: A process for the manufacture of a light energy converter involves forming of a plurality of photovoltaic sources wherein first bodies of a first conductivity type semiconductor material each has a surface layer of a second conductivity type material and second bodies of said second conductivity type semiconductor material each has a surface layer of said first conductivity type material. The first and second bodies are intermingled in a one level layer in an insulating support. A conductive layer is applied to interconnect the first conductivity type material of all said first bodies with the second conductivity type material of all said second bodies. An electrolyte may wet such sources where, upon exposure to light, the sources cause a current to flow in the electrolyte producing an electrochemical reaction.

Abstract: Solar energy conversion is provided by a structure formed of a plurality of photovoltaic sources. An electrolyte wets the sources. Upon exposure to light the photovoltaic sources cause a current to flow in the electrolyte, producing an electrochemical reaction. The products of this reaction are collected and stored. In a preferred embodiment the electrolyte is an aqueous solution of hydrogen iodide, and the hydrogen produced by the electrochemical reaction may be stored, burned as a fuel or used in a fuel cell to produce electrical energy.

Abstract: A paging system, or the like, having a transmitting station and a plurality of pocket sized subscriber units is disclosed. The transmitting station has a keyboard for encoding alphanumeric characters of a message and a subscriber code, a storage means for a predetermined number of characters of a message, means for converting a binary character code, such as ASCII, to a binary code representative of the character to be displayed in matrix form, and a format circuit for transmitting successive columns of the successive matrix code with blank columns and timing spaces therebetween to facilitate reconstruction of the subscriber code and message. Each of the subscriber units is battery powered and sized to be carried in a pocket of the user's clothing.

Abstract: Isolation of integrated circuit components using an insulating substrate (such as ceramic or intrinsic semiconductor) and/or using mesas to separate components laterally and to define passive components.

Abstract: Solar energy conversion is provided by a structure formed of a plurality of photovoltaic sources. An electrolyte wets the sources. Upon exposure to light the photovoltaic sources cause a current to flow in the electrolyte producing an electrochemical reaction. The products of this reaction may then be collected and stored. In a preferred embodiment the electrolyte is an aqueous solution of hydrogen iodide, and the hydrogen produced by the electrochemical reaction may be stored, burned as a fuel or used in a fuel cell to produce electrical energy.

Abstract: A system for teaching spelling, arithmetic or other drill subject is disclosed which utilizes a magnetic tape to store signals containing both oral questions and digital data representative of the correct answer to the question. A teacher's encoding unit provides means for recording the question on the magnetic tape, and means for encoding and recording on the tape the correct alphabetical or numerical answer to the question. A student's unit includes a playback system for reproducing the signals from the tape and presenting the question to the student. The student then sets the alphabetical or numerical answer into an encoder and a comparator compares the answer encoded by the student with the coded answer stored on the tape.Each of the units features an encoder having twelve character select switches each having 27 positions. A dual indicator system permits the entire alphabet plus the entire numerical system, or a total of 52 characters to be included in the answers.

Abstract: An electrostatic imaging system is disclosed having an imaging head characterized by a plurality of discretely chargeable areas. The charge on each discrete area is controlled by a separate binary circuit. The imaging head is preferably a monocrystalline semiconductor substrate with the discretely chargeable areas being either metallized plates or regions of one conductivity type that are individually isolated by regions of the other conductivity type. The binary circuit associated with each chargeable area is formed in the semiconductor substrate using conventional integrated circuit technology. One embodiment of the imaging head is used in an electrostatic line printer programmed by the output from a digital system to produce matrix type characters. Another embodiment of the imaging head may also be used in an electrostatic half tone facsimile system.

Abstract: An electrostatic imaging system is disclosed having an imaging head characterized by a plurality of discretely chargeable areas. The charge on each discrete area is controlled by a separate binary circuit. The imaging head is preferably a monocrystalline semiconductor substrate with the discretely chargeable areas being either metallized plates or regions of one conductivity type that are individually isolated by regions of the other conductivity type. The binary circuit associated with each chargeable area is formed in the semiconductor substrate using conventional integrated circuit technology. One embodiment of the imaging head is used in an electrostatic line printer programmed by the output from a digital system to produce matrix type characters. Another embodiment of the imaging head may also be used in an electrostatic half tone facsimile system.

Abstract: An electronic timepiece with minimal power requirements, employing a single ring of individual visual display elements selectively actuated to display hours, minutes, and seconds.

Abstract: A paging system, or the like, having a transmitting station and a plurality of pocket sized subscriber units is disclosed. The transmitting station has a keyboard for encoding alphanumeric characters of a message and a subscriber code, a storage means for a predetermined number of characters of a message, means for converting a binary character code, such as ASCII, to a binary code representative of the character to be displayed in matrix form, and a format circuit for transmitting successive columns of the successive matrix code with blank columns and timing spaces therebetween to facilitate reconstruction of the subscriber code and message. Each of the subscriber units is battery powered and sized to be carried in a pocket of the user's clothing.

Abstract: A system and method is provided for forming semiconductor tear-drop shaped bodies having minimal grain boundaries. Semiconductor material is melted in a capillary tube at the top of a tower, and forced under gas pressure through a nozzle. Separate semiconductor bodies are formed. They are passed through a free fall path over which a predetermined temperature gradient controls solidification of the bodies. The resultant bodies are tear-drop semiconductor bodies of near uniform size with minimal grain boundaries.