Abstract: This is a method for making a low alloy iron having desirable magnetic characteristics suitable for electrical applications such as transformer cores. The ingot alloy has a relatively high (more than 50 ppm) sulfur and relatively high manganese (0.01-0.15%) and thus can be prepared from commercially available materials without further purification. While the sulfur in such a manganese containing alloy is not removed during final annealing (due to generally less than about 950.degree. C. final annealing temperatures of the primary recrystallization process) the use of a tensile stress (at least 200 psi) inducing glass coating provides for very low losses. The material contains significant amounts of both sulfur and manganese. Both the sulfur and manganese contribute towards the meltability of the alloy and the manganese contributes towards the workability (especially for cool rolling) of the sulfur containing material.

Abstract: A digital displacement transducer to provide a digital output linear related to the displacement of a reference surface of an object. An eight track tape unit is coded with information related to displacements of 1/256 of an inch and applied to the reference surface. Means are then provided to assume the coded information of the tape unit; the means are of lesser coercivity than the tape unit. The information means is pulsed so that the information contained is the same, and a read out head is provided to read out which information was shifted, and thereby indicate the position of the reference surface of the object. A method is also provided to encode the information in the information means, switch the information therein, and obtain a read out.

Abstract: A process for producing electromagnetic silicon steel having a cube-on-edge orientation. The process includes the steps of: preparing a melt of silicon steel having up to 0.07% carbon, from 0.01 to 0.25% manganese, from 0.01 to 0.09% of material from the group consisting of sulfur and selenium, from 2.5 to 4.0% silicon, up to 1.0% copper, less than 0.009% aluminum and less than 0.0006% boron; casting the steel; hot rolling the steel; cold rolling the steel; normalizing the steel in a hydrogen-bearing atmosphere having a pH.sub.2 O/pH.sub.2 of from 0.015 to 0.3; applying a refractory oxide coating containing an oxide less stable than SiO.sub.2 at temperatures up to 2150.degree. F.; and final texture annealing the steel.

Abstract: A process for producing electromagnetic silicon steel having a cube-on-edge orientation. The process includes the steps of: preparing a melt of silicon steel containing from 0.02 to 0.06% carbon, from 0.015 to 0.15% manganese, from 0.005 to 0.05% of material from the group consisting of sulfur and selenium, from 0.0006 to 0.0080% boron, up to 0.0100% nitrogen, up to 1.0% copper, less than 0.005% antimony, less than 0.009% aluminum and from 2.5 to 4.0% silicon; casting; hot rolling; cold rolling; decarburizing; applying a refractory oxide base coating; and final texture annealing. During final texture annealing the steel is heated from a temperature of 1700.degree. F. to a temperature of 1900.degree. F. at an average rate of less than 30.degree. F. per hour, and subsequently maintained at a temperature in excess of 2000.degree. F. for a period of time sufficient to effect a purification of the steel.

Abstract: A process for producing electromagnetic silicon steel having a cube-on-edge orientation and a permeability of at least 1870 (G/O.sub.e) at 10 oersteds. The process includes the steps of: preparing a melt of silicon steel containing from 0.02 to 0.06% carbon, from 0.0006 to 0.0080% boron, up to 0.0100% nitrogen, no more than 0.008% aluminum and from 2.5 to 4.0% silicon; casting said steel; hot rolling said steel; cold rolling said steel; decarburizing said steel; applying a refractory oxide coating containing both boron and an oxide less stable than SiO.sub.2 at temperatures up to 2150.degree. F; and final texture annealing said steel.

Abstract: A process for producing electromagnetic silicon steel having a cube-on-edge orientation and a permeability of at least 1870 (G/O.sub.e) at 10 oersteds. The process includes the steps of: preparing a melt of silicon steel containing from 0.02 to 0.06% carbon, from 0.0006 to 0.0080% boron, up to 0.0100% nitrogen, no more than 0.008% aluminum and from 2.5 to 4.0% silicon; casting said steel; hot rolling said steel; cold rolling said steel; normalizing said steel at a temperature of from 1300.degree. to 2000.degree. F in a hydrogen-bearing atmosphere having a dew point of from +20.degree. to +110.degree. F; applying a refractory oxide base coating to said steel; and final texture annealing said steel. The variables of time, temperature and dew point are monitored during normalizing so as to result in a steel having at least 320 parts per million of oxygen, based on the total weight of the steel, within 10 microns of the surfaces of said steel.