Abstract: The present invention includes an electron-discharge signal system with a supercharged electron source and process therefor. The system may be any signal modification unit such as a klystron, magnetron, traveling wave tube, etc. The system includes a heat-responsive electron source, supercharger, collector, a wave modification assembly, and a bleeder module. The electron source discharges an electron beam along a predetermined electron path. The supercharger heats the electron source upon absorption of electromagnetic radiation of a predetermined signal characteristic redirected by the system. The bleeder module redirects a portion of the system's output signal to the supercharger, which heats in response thereto. In other embodiments, the system may be operated entirely by electromagnetic radiation from a freestanding signal source.

Abstract: An electrochemical cell, membrane, and method for making the membrane and electrochemical cell are disclosed in which ion passage channels of the membrane have advantageous characteristics relating to dimensions, positioning, and patterning. The ion passage channels are formed by selected means of radiation, many of which require post-radiation manipulation.

Abstract: An electrochemical cell, membrane, and method for making the membrane and electrochemical cell are disclosed in which ion passage channels of the membrane have advantageous characteristics relating to dimensions, positioning, and patterning. The ion passage channels are formed by selected means of radiation, many of which require post-radiation manipulation.

Abstract: An electrochemical cell, membrane, and method for making the membrane and electrochemical cell are disclosed in which ion passage channels of the membrane have advantageous characteristics relating to dimensions, positioning, and patterning. The ion passage channels are formed by selected means of radiation, many of which require post-radiation manipulation.