Abstract: A method for coating objects starts with dispensing, by means of a first painting system, a first coating layer on a first object. A property of the first coating layer is measured to thereby obtain a first property value, and a coating variable of a second painting system is adjusted based on the first property value. A second coating layer is dispensed on the first coating layer by means of the second painting system which is different from the first painting system. By providing a measurement between the two painting systems, and by adjusting the coating parameters of the downstream painting system based on the measurement results, the overall coating can be corrected by compensating by means of the downstream painting system for a defective coating dispensed by the upstream painting system.

Abstract: A method for inspection of a target object, the method including irradiating a reference surface having a non-flat reference profile with radiation; determining reference response data based on detected radiation having interacted with the reference surface; irradiating a target object with radiation, the target object including a target surface having a non-flat target profile corresponding to the reference profile; determining inspection response data based on detected radiation having interacted with the target object; and determining at least one parameter of the target object based on the reference response data and the inspection response data. An alternative method; a control system for controlling an emitter system and a detector system; and an inspection system including a control system, an emitter system and a detector system, are also provided.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for detecting a pulsed THz beam includes emitting, by THz emitter, pulsed THz radiation of outgoing pulse shape for interacting with target body; detecting, by THz detector, incoming THz radiation comprising THz pulses, and outputting, by THz detector, a raw detector data of pulse shapes of incoming THz pulses; and determining, by pulse shape reconstruction module, a reconstructed incoming pulse shape based on the raw detector data, measuring, by sensor, a time-of-flight quantity (d) affecting the time of flight of the THz radiation; and adjusting operation of at least one of THz emitter, THz detector and pulse shape reconstruction module using the time-of-flight quantity (d), for correcting for variations in time of flight of the THz radiation.

Abstract: A method for modelling a coating process including a plurality of coating parameters, includes the steps of: dispensing, by the coating process and during K work cycles, a coating on each of K pieces of objects to thereby obtain K pieces of coatings; recording, during each of the K work cycles, coating variable values of p coating parameters at M instances to thereby obtain recording results; and measuring at least one coating property at m locations of each of the K pieces of coatings to thereby obtain measurement results. The method is characterized by the step of determining a digital twin of the coating process on the basis of the recording results and the measurement results. By using results from a large amount of classical quality control measurements together with corresponding coating parameter information, a digital twin of the coating process can be determined through statistical processing of such big data.

Abstract: A method for coating objects starts with dispensing, by means of a first painting system, a first coating layer on a first object. A property of the first coating layer is measured to thereby obtain a first property value, and a coating variable of a second painting system is adjusted based on the first property value. A second coating layer is dispensed on the first coating layer by means of the second painting system which is different from the first painting system. By providing a measurement between the two painting systems, and by adjusting the coating parameters of the downstream painting system based on the measurement results, the overall coating can be corrected by compensating by means of the downstream painting system for a defective coating dispensed by the upstream painting system.

Abstract: A method for inspection of a target object, the method including irradiating a reference surface having a non-flat reference profile with radiation; determining reference response data based on detected radiation having interacted with the reference surface; irradiating a target object with radiation, the target object including a target surface having a non-flat target profile corresponding to the reference profile; determining inspection response data based on detected radiation having interacted with the target object; and determining at least one parameter of the target object based on the reference response data and the inspection response data. An alternative method; a control system for controlling an emitter system and a detector system; and an inspection system including a control system, an emitter system and a detector system, are also provided.

Abstract: A sensor system and method for measuring a parameter of a paint layer provided on a surface of an object includes a robot arm and a measuring device mounted to the robot arm. The measuring device includes a radiation emitter and a radiation receiver, a sensor arrangement and a control unit. The sensor system and method carries out a measurement of a parameter of the paint layer at a predefined measuring location by accounting for positioning data and measurement data sot that, prior to a measurement, a distance between the measuring device and the surface of the object is adjusted to be in a predefined distance range, and a vector of the measuring direction of the measuring device is adjusted to be normal with respect to the surface of the object within an angular tolerance range from ?5° to 5°.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for detecting a pulsed THz beam includes emitting, by THz emitter, pulsed THz radiation of outgoing pulse shape for interacting with target body; detecting, by THz detector, incoming THz radiation comprising THz pulses, and outputting, by THz detector, a raw detector data of pulse shapes of incoming THz pulses; and determining, by pulse shape reconstruction module, a reconstructed incoming pulse shape based on the raw detector data, measuring, by sensor, a time-of-flight quantity (d) affecting the time of flight of the THz radiation; and adjusting operation of at least one of THz emitter, THz detector and pulse shape reconstruction module using the time-of-flight quantity (d), for correcting for variations in time of flight of the THz radiation.

Abstract: An optical sensor for detecting hydrogen in a fluid in physical contact with the sensor is provided. The sensor includes an optical fiber, wherein an end portion of the optical fiber is coated with a multilayer including: a sensing layer, including a film of an alloy, the alloy including Mg, Ni, and M, wherein M is at least one of Zr, Ta, and Hf, and wherein the alloy has the composition MgxNiyMz, and wherein x is from 40 to 60, y is from 10 to 40, and z is from 10 to 40, and a catalyst layer including Pd. Further, a detection system for hydrogen, including such an optical sensor, and an electrical device having such a detection system are provided.

Abstract: A method of characterizing a wet paint layer stack of a painted body by individual parameters of the wet paint layers, based on fitting to a physical model, is provided. The method includes: emitting a THz radiation signal towards the painted body such that the THz radiation interacts with the wet paint layer stack; detecting a response signal being the detected THz radiation signal having interacted with the wet paint layer stack; determining model parameters of the physical model by optimizing the model parameters such that a predicted response signal of the physical model is fitted to the detected response signal, at least some of the model parameters being indicative of optical properties of the wet paint layers and of a wet paint layer thickness; and determining, from the determined model parameters, the individual paint layer parameters of at least one of the wet paint layers.

Abstract: A method of characterizing a wet paint layer stack of a painted body by individual parameters of the wet paint layers, based on fitting to a physical model, is provided. The method includes: emitting a THz radiation signal towards the painted body such that the THz radiation interacts with the wet paint layer stack; detecting a response signal being the detected THz radiation signal having interacted with the wet paint layer stack; determining model parameters of the physical model by optimizing the model parameters such that a predicted response signal of the physical model is fitted to the detected response signal, at least some of the model parameters being indicative of optical properties of the wet paint layers and of a wet paint layer thickness; and determining, from the determined model parameters, the individual paint layer parameters of at least one of the wet paint layers.

Abstract: A hydrogen sensor for detecting hydrogen in a fluid in physical contact with the sensor comprises a sensing element, a first protection layer, provided to prevent contact of the sensing element with a sensor poisoning gas in the fluid, wherein the first protection layer comprises PMMA. Further, a hydrogen detection system, an electrical device having such a system and a method for producing a sensor are provided.

Abstract: A method of characterizing a wet paint layer of a painted body by paint layer parameters based on fitting to a physical model is provided. The method is carried out by a sensor system in a non-contact manner, the sensor system including an emitter system for emitting THz radiation, a detector system for detecting THz radiation, and a processing unit operationally coupled to the emitter system and the detector system. The method includes: Emitting, by the emitter system, a THz radiation signal towards the painted body such that the THz radiation interacts with the wet paint layer, the wet paint layer having not yet finished a drying process during which the wet paint layer becomes a dry paint layer; and Detecting, by the detector system, a response signal being the detected THz radiation signal having interacted with the wet paint layer.

Abstract: A non-contact sensor system and method are disclosed for determining paper sheet quality parameters such as caliper, basis weight and sheet moisture based on THz radiation. The method can include emitting, by an emitter system, a THz radiation signal towards paper sheet material such that the THz radiation interacts with the paper sheet material; detecting, by a detector system, a time and/or frequency dependent response of the THz radiation signal having interacted with the paper sheet material; determining model parameters of a physical model by optimizing the model parameters such that a predicted response of the physical model is fitted to the detected response, the model parameters being indicative of transmission and/or reflection coefficients at interfaces of the paper sheet material with surrounding media; and determining, from the determined model parameters, at least some of the paper sheet quality parameters.

Abstract: A sensor assembly is disclosed for sensing a status condition of a liquid-filled electrical equipment such as a transformer. The sensor assembly can include a light source; a first hydrogen detection section, the first hydrogen detection section being optically coupled to the light source for receiving light from the light source, wherein the first hydrogen detection section has a first hydrogen sensitive layer that changes an optical response with respect to the received light depending on whether an amount of hydrogen at the first hydrogen sensitive layer is above or below a first threshold; and a first output section optically coupled to the first hydrogen detection section for receiving light having interacted with the first hydrogen sensitive layer such that the received light depends on the optical response of the first hydrogen sensitive layer.

Abstract: A method of characterizing a coated body by at least one coating parameter based on fitting to a physical model is provided. The coated body includes a substrate coated by a polymeric coating such as a paint film, the polymeric coating having at least one layer. The method is carried out by a sensor system in a non-contact manner, the sensor system including an emitter system for emitting THz radiation, a detector system for detecting THz radiation, and a processing unit operationally coupled to the emitter system and the detector system. The method includes: emitting, by the emitter system, a THz radiation signal towards the coated body such that the THz radiation interacts with the polymeric coating; and detecting, by the detector system, a response signal being the detected THz radiation signal having interacted with the polymeric coating.

Abstract: An optical sensor for detecting hydrogen in a fluid in physical contact with the sensor is provided. The sensor includes an optical fiber, wherein an end portion of the optical fiber is coated with a multilayer including: a sensing layer, including a film of an alloy, the alloy including Mg, Ni, and M, wherein M is at least one of Zr, Ta, and Hf, and wherein the alloy has the composition MgxNiyMz, and wherein x is from 40 to 60, y is from 10 to 40, and z is from 10 to 40, and a catalyst layer including Pd. Further, a detection system for hydrogen, including such an optical sensor, and an electrical device having such a detection system are provided.

Abstract: A sensor assembly senses hydrogen and moisture content of insulation liquid of a liquid-filled electrical equipment.

Abstract: A coating facility includes a coating unit for applying a coating layer to a body; and a sensor system for characterizing a coating of the body, the coating including the applied coating layer, in a non-contact manner by use of THz radiation. The sensor system includes a THz system, a processing unit and a positioning system. The THz system includes a light source generating a source light radiation; a flexible first radiation guide cable transmitting the source light radiation; a THz emitter having a THz radiation generator coupled to the light source via the flexible first radiation guide cable for receiving the source light radiation from the light source and adapted for generating outgoing THz radiation from the source light radiation, and a THz optical system for directing the outgoing THz radiation towards the coated body; and a THz detector for detecting incoming THz radiation having interacted with the coating.

Abstract: A method of characterizing a wet paint layer of a painted body by paint layer parameters based on fitting to a physical model is provided. The method is carried out by a sensor system in a non-contact manner, the sensor system including an emitter system for emitting THz radiation, a detector system for detecting THz radiation, and a processing unit operationally coupled to the emitter system and the detector system. The method includes: Emitting, by the emitter system, a THz radiation signal towards the painted body such that the THz radiation interacts with the wet paint layer, the wet paint layer having not yet finished a drying process during which the wet paint layer becomes a dry paint layer; and Detecting, by the detector system, a response signal being the detected THz radiation signal having interacted with the wet paint layer.