Abstract: A pouch-type secondary battery includes an electrode assembly including a first electrode plate, and a second electrode plate and a pouch film in which the electrode assembly is accommodated and including a sealing portion on three sides of the pouch film, wherein the pouch film includes a folded portion disposed at an end of the sealing portion, and formed by folding an end portion of the pouch film.

Abstract: Methods of manufacturing secondary batteries are disclosed. In an embodiment, a method may include: placing an exterior material including an exterior material bending part, a main room, and a gas room spaced apart from the main room; inserting an electrode assembly into the main room; sealing opposite open ends of the exterior material; forming a support sealing part in a space between the gas room and the main room to divide the space into at least two spaces in a longitudinal direction; injecting an electrolyte into the at least two spaces; sealing a second end of the exterior material; forming at least one discharge hole on a side of the gas room; cutting the exterior material including the support sealing part and the gas room above the main room after internal gas is discharged; and sealing the second end of the cut exterior material above the main room.

Abstract: An etching apparatus is provided for etching a substrate. The etching apparatus includes a first tank including a first etchant, and an etch bath connected to the first tank and receiving the first etchant, the etch bath containing a residual etchant including a diluted etchant and residue material after the substrate is etched with the first etchant. The etching apparatus further includes a second tank receiving the residual etchant from the etch bath and separating the diluted etchant from the residue material, a connecting passage connecting the first and second tanks for transferring the separated diluted etchant from the second tank to the first tank, and an outlet pipe attached to the second tank for discharging the residue material.

Abstract: A liquid crystal dispensing apparatus includes a container to contain liquid crystal, a discharge pump, and a nozzle to dispense liquid crystal from the discharge pump onto a substrate. The discharge pump has a separably formed case, a cylinder received in the case, a piston inserted into the cylinder and having a groove at a lower portion such that the piston draws in and discharges liquid crystal by rotating and moving up-down, and a suction opening and a discharge opening through which liquid crystal is to be respectively drawn in and discharged as the piston is moved.

Abstract: An aligning apparatus includes a loading plate to load at least one alignment object; first and second alignment bars to align the at least one alignment object loaded on the loading plate, wherein the first and second alignment bars are bent by a force greater than a threshold value when contacting the alignment object; and at least one driving unit to drive the first and second alignment bars in close and open directions toward and away from each other.

Abstract: A liquid crystal dispensing apparatus facilitating detection of vapor within liquid crystal material, facilitating removal of residual liquid crystal material, and facilitating precise control of predetermined dispensing positions and dispensing amounts includes a container containing liquid crystal material, a discharge pump drawing in and discharging liquid crystal material, and a nozzle dispensing liquid crystal material, discharged from the discharge pump, onto a substrate. The discharge pump includes a case, a window at a lower portion of the case, a cylinder within the case, a piston rotatably arranged within the cylinder and having a groove for drawing in and discharging liquid crystal material, and a suction opening and a discharge opening through which liquid crystal material is drawn into and discharged from with respect to the cylinder.

Abstract: A liquid crystal dispensing apparatus includes a container containing liquid crystal material; a discharge pump drawing in and discharging the liquid crystal material; a nozzle dispensing, onto a substrate, liquid crystal material discharged by the discharge pump; and a detector arranged near the nozzle to detect the presence of residual liquid crystal material accumulated on the surface of the nozzle. When the presence of residual liquid crystal material is detected, a dummy dispensing operation and/or a cleaning operation may be performed to remove the residual liquid crystal material.

Abstract: An aligning apparatus includes a loading plate to load at least one alignment object; first and second alignment bars to align the at least one alignment object loaded on the loading plate, wherein the first and second alignment bars are bent by a force greater than a threshold value when contacting the alignment object; and at least one driving unit to drive the first and second alignment bars in close and open directions toward and away from each other.

Abstract: An aligning apparatus includes a loading plate to load at least one alignment object; first and second alignment bars to align the at least one alignment object loaded on the loading plate, wherein the first and second alignment bars are bent by a force greater than a threshold value when contacting the alignment object; and at least one driving unit to drive the first and second alignment bars in close and open directions toward and away from each other.

Abstract: A liquid crystal dispensing apparatus includes a container containing liquid crystal material; a discharge pump drawing in and discharging the liquid crystal material; a nozzle dispensing, onto a substrate, liquid crystal material discharged by the discharge pump; and a detector arranged near the nozzle to detect the presence of residual liquid crystal material accumulated on the surface of the nozzle. When the presence of residual liquid crystal material is detected, a dummy dispensing operation and/or a cleaning operation may be performed to remove the residual liquid crystal material.

Abstract: An aligning apparatus includes a loading plate to load at least one alignment object; first and second alignment bars to align the at least one alignment object loaded on the loading plate, wherein the first and second alignment bars are bent by a force greater than a threshold value when contacting the alignment object; and at least one driving unit to drive the first and second alignment bars in close and open directions toward and away from each other.

Abstract: A liquid crystal dispensing apparatus includes a container to contain liquid crystal, a discharge pump, and a nozzle to dispense liquid crystal from the discharge pump onto a substrate. The discharge pump has a separably formed case, a cylinder received in the case, a piston inserted into the cylinder and having a groove at a lower portion such that the piston draws in and discharges liquid crystal by rotating and moving up-down, and a suction opening and a discharge opening through which liquid crystal is to be respectively drawn in and discharged as the piston is moved.

Abstract: A liquid crystal dispensing apparatus facilitating detection of vapor within liquid crystal material, facilitating removal of residual liquid crystal material, and facilitating precise control of predetermined dispensing positions and dispensing amounts includes a container containing liquid crystal material, a discharge pump drawing in and discharging liquid crystal material, and a nozzle dispensing liquid crystal material, discharged from the discharge pump, onto a substrate. The discharge pump includes a case, a window at a lower portion of the case, a cylinder within the case, a piston rotatably arranged within the cylinder and having a groove for drawing in and discharging liquid crystal material, and a suction opening and a discharge opening through which liquid crystal material is drawn into and discharged from with respect to the cylinder.

Abstract: A seal pattern includes a plurality of main seal lines, a first auxiliary seal line including a plurality of first openings and surrounding the plurality of main seal lines, a second auxiliary seal including a plurality of second openings and surrounding the first auxiliary seal line, and a plurality of third auxiliary seal lines positioned between the first and second openings. The third auxiliary seal lines pass only gas such as air and the main seal lines are protected from being damaged from a cleaning detergent or an etchant such as an HF solution during a cleaning and etching process.

Abstract: In a method of fabricating a substrate, a substrate is submerged into a chemical bath so that the thickness of the substrate changes. The temperature of the chemical bath is monitored to ascertain a change in the thickness of the substrate.

Abstract: A seal pattern includes a plurality of main seal lines, a first auxiliary seal line including a plurality of first openings and surrounding the plurality of main seal lines, a second auxiliary seal including a plurality of second openings and surrounding the first auxiliary seal line, and a plurality of third auxiliary seal lines positioned between the first and second openings. The third auxiliary seal lines pass only gas such as air and the main seal lines are protected from being damaged from a cleaning detergent or an etchant such as an HF solution during a cleaning and etching process.

Abstract: An apparatus for etching a glass substrate is disclosed which comprises a container 1; a porous plate 4 being set in the container 1 and having a plurality of holes 30; and a bubbling plate 3 being under the porous plate 4 and providing bubbles to the porous plate 4. The glass substrate 11 is uniformly etched because the liquid etchant is provided uniformly to the surface of the glass substrate 11 through the holes 30 of the porous plate 4. Further, the impurities on the surface of the glass substrate 11 is easily removed by the bubbles generated by the bubbling plate 3.

Abstract: In a method of fabricating a substrate, a substrate is submerged into a chemical bath so that the thickness of the substrate changes. The temperature of the chemical bath is monitored to ascertain a change in the thickness of the substrate.

Abstract: A method of planarizing a substrate of a liquid crystal display device includes the steps of depositing a filler material layer over the substrate, wherein an index of refraction of the filler material is similar to an index of refraction of the substrate, and removing a portion of the filler material layer, wherein the filler material layer remains level with a surface of the substrate.