Abstract: A display device includes a thin-film transistor, a source/drain electrode and an auxiliary electrode including a first conductive layer and a second conductive layer disposed on the first conductive layer, a via insulating layer having a first opening exposing the auxiliary electrode, a capping layer covering a portion of the auxiliary electrode and a light emitting material layer and a common electrode layer sequentially stacked on the via insulating layer and the capping layer, wherein the source/drain electrode is electrically connected to the thin-film transistor through a contact hole penetrating the interlayer insulating layer, the auxiliary electrode has an undercut, and the capping layer includes a first capping layer covering side surfaces of the first conductive layer of the auxiliary electrode and a second capping layer separated from the first capping layer and disposed on the second conductive layer of the auxiliary electrode.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for multiplexing signals using layered division multiplexing are disclosed. A signal multiplexing apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention includes a combiner configured to combine a core layer signal and an enhanced layer signal at different power levels, and a time interleaver configured to perform interleaving applied to both the core layer signal and the enhanced layer signal.

Abstract: A display device may include a first electrode, a second electrode, an emission layer, an intervening layer, and a first encapsulation layer. The second electrode may overlap the first electrode. The emission layer may be disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode, may overlap the first electrode, and may include a light emitting material. The intervening layer may directly contact the second electrode, may be spaced from each of the first electrode and the emission layer, and may include a fluorine compound. A first section of the first encapsulation layer may overlap the emission layer. The intervening layer may be positioned between the second electrode and a second section of the first encapsulation layer.

Abstract: A bit interleaver, a bit-interleaved coded modulation (BICM) device and a bit interleaving method are disclosed herein. The bit interleaver includes a first memory, a processor, and a second memory. The first memory stores a low-density parity check (LDPC) codeword having a length of 64800 and a code rate of 7/15. The processor generates an interleaved codeword by interleaving the LDPC codeword on a bit group basis. The size of the bit group corresponds to a parallel factor of the LDPC codeword. The second memory provides the interleaved codeword to a modulator for quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) modulation.

Abstract: A Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver, a control method of the GPS receiver, and a GPS system are provided, which are capable of reducing an initial position check time using an SBAS signal transmitted from a SBAS satellite. The control method of a GPS receiver includes receiving an SBAS signal from a SBAS satellite and calculating a satellite clock and a satellite position of the GPS receiver using the received SBAS signal. The SBAS signal may contain a difference value between the ephemeris data and the almanac data of the GPS satellite. The difference value between the ephemeris data and the almanac data may include a satellite clock difference value and a satellite position difference value for the GPS satellite. Accordingly, it is possible to acquire the current position and time information more quickly and accurately, by shortening the initial position check time using the difference value between the ephemeris data and the almanac data included in the SBAS signal.

Abstract: A vacuum cleaner is provided, which includes a main body; a dust collection unit arranged in the main body to collect dusts from air that flows into the main body along an intake passage; and a suction unit arranged at a downstream that is lower than a location of the dust collection unit on the intake passage to provide a suction force, wherein the suction unit includes a suction force generator, an exhaust passage configured to switch a discharge direction of the air that has passed through the suction force generator at least twice, and a plurality of sound-absorbing members arranged on the exhaust passage to pass the air therethrough.

Abstract: A Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver, a control method of the GPS receiver, and a GPS system are provided, which are capable of reducing an initial position check time using an SBAS signal transmitted from a SBAS satellite. The control method of a GPS receiver includes receiving an SBAS signal from a SBAS satellite and calculating a satellite clock and a satellite position of the GPS receiver using the received SBAS signal. The SBAS signal may contain a difference value between the ephemeris data and the almanac data of the GPS satellite. The difference value between the ephemeris data and the almanac data may include a satellite clock difference value and a satellite position difference value for the GPS satellite. Accordingly, it is possible to acquire the current position and time information more quickly and accurately, by shortening the initial position check time using the difference value between the ephemeris data and the almanac data included in the SBAS signal.

Abstract: A vacuum cleaner is provided, which includes a main body; a dust collection unit arranged in the main body to collect dusts from air that flows into the main body along an intake passage; and a suction unit arranged at a downstream that is lower than a location of the dust collection unit on the intake passage to provide a suction force, wherein the suction unit includes a suction force generator, an exhaust passage configured to switch a discharge direction of the air that has passed through the suction force generator at least twice, and a plurality of sound-absorbing members arranged on the exhaust passage to pass the air therethrough.

Abstract: A method of and apparatus for operating a Coexistence Beacon Protocol (CBP) packet transmitter in a Cognitive Radio (CR)-based wireless communication system is provided. The method includes, identifying a Self-Coexistence Window (SCW) regular pattern of neighbor Wireless Regional Area Networks (WRANs), if vacant SCW slots are not periodically occurring, selecting a WRAN as a contender among the neighbor WRANs, performing a contention for transmitting the CBP packet with the contender within SCW slots that are occupied by the WRAN, and configuring an SCW usage pattern so that an SCW usage period of the CBP packet sender is double that of an SCW usage period of the contender when winning in the contention.

Abstract: A base station includes an apparatus and a method for exchanging frequency channel resources between base stations in a Cognitive Radio (CR) based communication system. A requesting Base Station (BS), which requests channel exchange a neighboring BS, receives a channel advertisement message from a neighboring BS and sends a channel exchange request message to the neighboring BS. The channel exchange request message includes at least one of a neighbor BS Identifier (ID), a requesting BS ID, channel information for the channel exchange at the requesting BS, and channel information exchangeable at the neighboring BS. The requesting BS receives a channel exchange response message from the neighboring BS in response to the channel exchange request message, determines whether to execute a channel exchange process to the neighboring BS based on information in the received channel exchange response message, and sends a channel exchange reply message indicative of the determination result.

Abstract: An apparatus and a method for transmitting a Coexistence Beacon Protocol (CBP) packet in a Cognitive Radio (CR) wireless communication system are provided. In the method for transmitting CBP packet in a transmitter that operates in a scalable Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) mode, a priority is given to each channel of one or more channels based at least partly upon channel use statuses of two or more neighbor Wireless Regional Area Networks (WRANs). Whether a Quality of Service (QoS) for CBP packet transmission for each channel is met is sequentially determined according to the respective priority. A channel having a highest priority is selected from the one or more channels meeting the QoS as a channel for CBP packet transmission. A CBP packet is transmitted via the selected channel.

Abstract: An apparatus and a method for transmitting a Coexistence Beacon Protocol (CBP) packet in a Cognitive Radio (CR) wireless communication system are provided. In the method for transmitting CBP packet in a transmitter that operates in a scalable Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) mode, a priority is given to each channel of one or more channels based at least partly upon channel use statuses of two or more neighbor Wireless Regional Area Networks (WRANs). Whether a Quality of Service (QoS) for CBP packet transmission for each channel is met is sequentially determined according to the respective priority. A channel having a highest priority is selected from the one or more channels meeting the QoS as a channel for CBP packet transmission. A CBP packet is transmitted via the selected channel.

Abstract: An operating method and apparatus of a Customer Premise Equipment (CPE) in a Cognitive Radio (CR) wireless communication system and a base station in the CR wireless communications system are provided. The method includes, when receiving a beacon message from a Primary User (PU), transmitting a mode change request message including a signal strength from the PU and a channel number interfering with the PU to a base station, when receiving a mode change reply message from the base station, determining whether a partial Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) scheme is applied, and, when the partial FDD scheme is applied, communicating by receiving a downlink burst in a Time Division Duplex (TDD) channel indicated by the mode change reply message and transmitting an uplink burst in an FDD channel indicated by the mode change reply message.

Abstract: A base station includes an apparatus and a method for exchanging frequency channel resources between base stations in a Cognitive Radio (CR) based communication system. A requesting Base Station (BS), which requests channel exchange a neighboring BS, receives a channel advertisement message from a neighboring BS and sends a channel exchange request message to the neighboring BS. The channel exchange request message includes at least one of a neighbor BS Identifier (ID), a requesting BS ID, channel information for the channel exchange at the requesting BS, and channel information exchangeable at the neighboring BS. The requesting BS receives a channel exchange response message from the neighboring BS in response to the channel exchange request message, determines whether to execute a channel exchange process to the neighboring BS based on information in the received channel exchange response message, and sends a channel exchange reply message indicative of the determination result.

Abstract: A method of and apparatus for operating a Coexistence Beacon Protocol (CBP) packet transmitter in a Cognitive Radio (CR)-based wireless communication system is provided. The method includes, identifying a Self-Coexistence Window (SCW) regular pattern of neighbor Wireless Regional Area Networks (WRANs), if vacant SCW slots are not periodically occurring, selecting a WRAN as a contender among the neighbor WRANs, performing a contention for transmitting the CBP packet with the contender within SCW slots that are occupied by the WRAN, and configuring an SCW usage pattern so that an SCW usage period of the CBP packet sender is double that of an SCW usage period of the contender when winning in the contention.