Abstract: The present invention discloses an encoding apparatus using a Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) scanning, which includes a mode selection means for selecting an optimal mode for intra prediction; an intra prediction means for performing intra prediction onto video inputted based on the mode selected in the mode selection means; a DCT and quantization means for performing DCT and quantization onto residual coefficients of a block outputted from the intra prediction means; and an entropy encoding means for performing entropy encoding onto DCT coefficients acquired from the DCT and quantization by using a scanning mode decided based on pixel similarity of the residual coefficients.

Abstract: A method of handling communication between devices 2, 4, 6, 8, comprises receiving the location of a first device 2; receiving the locations of a plurality of second devices 4, 6, 8; receiving a request from the first device 2 including a message for transmission and at target area 12; responsive to receiving the request from the first device 2, determining whether the location of one or more of the second devices 4 is within the transmission area 12 at the time of sending of the request; and responsive to determining that one or more of the second devices 4 is within the transmission area 12, transmitting the message to those second devices 4.