Abstract: Provided is a buck-boost converting circuit including an LED current regulator and bypass switches. The buck-boost converting circuit includes switches coupled in a matrix form in order to individually control a plurality of LEDs connected in series, an LED current regulator, and a circuit capable of buck-boost conversion.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for etching a thin layer including silicon nitride formed on a substrate are disclosed. Etchant including phosphoric acid and water is supplied on the substrate so that a liquid layer is formed on the substrate. The thin layer is etched by reaction between the thin layer and the etchant. Thickness of the liquid layer is measured to detect variation in the thickness of the liquid layer while etching the thin layer. Variation in the concentration of the phosphoric acid and the water is calculated based on the variation in the thickness of the liquid layer. Water is supplied on the substrate based on the variation in the concentration of the phosphoric acid and the water so that the concentration of the phosphoric acid and the water becomes a predetermined value.

Abstract: Disclosed are an authentication information processing method and apparatus and a user terminal including an authentication information processing method and apparatus. The authentication information processing method performed by the disclosed authentication information processing apparatus comprises the steps of: obtaining biometric information of a user; obtaining a unique key corresponding to the authentication information processing apparatus; and generating an authentication key by using at least a part of the biometric information and at least a part of the unique key.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a nail lacquer composition containing at least one antifungal agent as a pharmacologically active ingredient. The present invention has an excellent penetrating effect of a drug in skin areas where the drug is applied because of needing treatment and, specifically, in fingernails by containing a polymer material which forms a specific film, and a penetration enhance, is convenient for management after locally applying the drug to a treatment site, and has excellent storage stability of the drug.

Abstract: Provided is a buck-boost converting circuit including an LED current regulator and bypass switches. The buck-boost converting circuit includes switches coupled in a matrix form in order to individually control a plurality of LEDs connected in series, an LED current regulator, and a circuit capable of buck-boost conversion.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for etching a thin layer including silicon nitride formed on a substrate are disclosed. Etchant including phosphoric acid and water is supplied on the substrate so that a liquid layer is formed on the substrate. The thin layer is etched by reaction between the thin layer and the etchant. Thickness of the liquid layer is measured to detect variation in the thickness of the liquid layer while etching the thin layer. Variation in the concentration of the phosphoric acid and the water is calculated based on the variation in the thickness of the liquid layer. Water is supplied on the substrate based on the variation in the concentration of the phosphoric acid and the water so that the concentration of the phosphoric acid and the water becomes a predetermined value.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an inhalation toxicity testing chamber device for nanoparticles having a plurality of concentrations. The present invention provides an inhalation toxicity testing chamber device for nanoparticles having a plurality of concentrations, which: can supply nanoparticles having different concentrations to particle exposure modules by stacking a plurality of particle exposure modules inside a single chamber housing and by allowing each particle exposure module so as to form an independent space from each other; can perform inhalation toxicity testing of nanoparticles having a plurality of concentrations through a single chamber housing by being capable of exposing the test animals put into each particle exposure module to nanoparticles having different concentrations; can easily perform inhalation toxicity tests of nanoparticles in a small scale laboratory etc.

Abstract: A supercritical processing apparatus includes an upper vessel including a first fluid hole formed in a center thereof, and a lower vessel including a second fluid hole formed in a center thereof. A space is defined between the upper and lower vessels and configured to allow a substrate to be placed therein. The upper vessel further includes a first guide portion provided at a lower portion thereof to be gradually inclined downward toward a periphery thereof from the first fluid hole.

Abstract: Apparatus and method for disturbance rejection in a control system. In some embodiments, a controller is adapted to position a control object. A disturbance observer generates a disturbance compensation value which is applied to reduce position error resulting from application of mechanical disturbance to the control object. The disturbance observer includes an adaptive filter with at least one dead zone providing a pass-through response with a scalar gain of less than one.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a nail lacquer composition containing at least one antifungal agent as a pharmacologically active ingredient. The present invention has an excellent penetrating effect of a drug in skin areas where the drug is applied because of needing treatment and, specifically, in fingernails by containing a polymer material which forms a specific film, and a penetration enhance, is convenient for management after locally applying the drug to a treatment site, and has excellent storage stability of the drug.

Abstract: A method and device for processing an audio output in consideration of the hearing characteristics of a user and the characteristics of an audio device connected to an electronic device is provided. The electronic device includes a user interface; an audio interface configured to establish a connection to an audio device, a memory, and at least one processor electrically connected to the user interface, the memory, and the audio interface, wherein the at least one processor is configured to acquire at least one of identification information of the audio device and characteristics of the audio device, select audio adaptation information, change an audio signal, at least partially based on the audio adaptation information, and transmit the changed audio signal to the audio device.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an inhalation toxicity testing chamber device for nanoparticles having a plurality of concentrations. The present invention provides an inhalation toxicity testing chamber device for nanoparticles having a plurality of concentrations, which: can supply nanoparticles having different concentrations to particle exposure modules by stacking a plurality of particle exposure modules inside a single chamber housing and by allowing each particle exposure module so as to form an independent space from each other; can perform inhalation toxicity testing of nanoparticles having a plurality of concentrations through a single chamber housing by being capable of exposing the test animals put into each particle exposure module to nanoparticles having different concentrations; can easily perform inhalation toxicity tests of nanoparticles in a small scale laboratory etc.

Abstract: A method and device for processing an audio output in consideration of the hearing characteristics of a user and the characteristics of an audio device connected to an electronic device is provided. The electronic device includes a user interface; an audio interface configured to establish a connection to an audio device, a memory, and at least one processor electrically connected to the user interface, the memory, and the audio interface, wherein the at least one processor is configured to acquire at least one of identification information of the audio device and characteristics of the audio device, select audio adaptation information, change an audio signal, at least partially based on the audio adaptation information, and transmit the changed audio signal to the audio device.

Abstract: Apparatus and method for disturbance rejection in a control system. In some embodiments, a controller is adapted to position a control object. A disturbance observer generates a disturbance compensation value which is applied to reduce position error resulting from application of mechanical disturbance to the control object. The disturbance observer includes an adaptive filter with at least one dead zone providing a pass-through response with a scalar gain of less than one.

Abstract: Encoding and decoding apparatuses and encoding and decoding methods are provided. The decoding method includes extracting a plurality of encoded signals from an input bitstream, determining which of a plurality of decoding methods is to be used to decode each of the encoded signals, decoding the encoded signals using the determined decoding methods, and synthesizing the decoded signals. Accordingly, it is possible to encode signals having different characteristics at an optimum bitrate by classifying the signals into one or more classes according to the characteristics of the signals and encoding each of the signals using an encoding unit that can best serve the class where a corresponding signal belongs. In addition, it is possible to efficiently encode various signals including audio and speech signals.

Abstract: Encoding and decoding apparatuses and encoding and decoding methods are provided. The decoding method includes extracting a plurality of encoded signals and division information of the encoded signals from an input bitstream, determining which of a plurality of decoding methods is to be used to decode each of the encoded signals, decoding the encoded signals using the determined decoding methods, and synthesizing the decoded signals with reference to the division information. Accordingly, it is possible to encode signals having different characteristics at an optimum bitrate by classifying the signals into one or more classes according to the characteristics of the signals and encoding each of the signals using an encoding unit that can best serve the class where a corresponding signal belongs. In addition, it is possible to efficiently encode various signals including audio and speech signals.

Abstract: Encoding and decoding apparatuses and encoding and decoding methods are provided. The decoding method includes extracting a plurality of encoded signals from an input bitstream, determining which of a plurality of decoding methods is to be used to decode each of the encoded signals, decoding the encoded signals using the determined decoding methods, synthesizing the decoded signals, and restoring an original signal by performing a post-processing operation on the single signal. Accordingly, it is possible to encode signals having different characteristics at an optimum bitrate by classifying the signals into one or more classes according to the characteristics of the signals and encoding each of the signals using an encoding unit that can best serve the class where a corresponding signal belongs. In addition, it is possible to efficiently encode various signals including audio and speech signals.