Abstract: An image sensor includes a plurality of unit pixels, each including: a substrate including first and second sides which are opposite to each other, a photoelectric conversion layer in the substrate, and a wiring structure on the first side of the substrate. The wiring structure may include: a first capacitor, a second capacitor spaced from the first capacitor, a plurality of edge vias arranged along edges of the unit pixel, and a plurality of central vias interposed between the first capacitor and the second capacitor.

Abstract: Disclosed is a point-to-point emulation method for operating an Ethernet passive optical network having an optical line terminal (OLT) and a plurality of optical network units (ONUs) each connected to the OLT. A tag Ethernet frame transmitted between the OLT and the ONUs includes a destination address (DA) field representing a destination address, a source address (SA) field representing a source address, and an LLID field in which a unique LLID assigned to an object of the ONU side is recorded. The LLIDs are assigned to ports of a bridge or an L2 (Layer 2) switch of the OLT side on a one-to-one basis. The OLT, upon receiving a tag Ethernet frame, outputs an LLID field-deleted Ethernet frame to the bridge or L2 switch port to which an LLID in the received frame is assigned. The bridge or the L2 switch transmits the Ethernet frame to a port to which a previously learned destination address is assigned.

Abstract: Disclosed is a point-to-point emulation method for operating an Ethernet passive optical network having an optical line terminal (OLT) and a plurality of optical network units (ONUs) each connected to the OLT. A tag Ethernet frame transmitted between the OLT and the ONUs includes a destination address (DA) field representing a destination address, a source address (SA) field representing a source address, and an LLID field in which a unique LLID assigned to an object of the ONU side is recorded. The LLIDs are assigned to ports of a bridge or an L2 (Layer 2) switch of the OLT side on a one-to-one basis. The OLT, upon receiving a tag Ethernet frame, outputs an LLID field-deleted Ethernet frame to the bridge or L2 switch port to which an LLID in the received frame is assigned. The bridge or the L2 switch transmits the Ethernet frame to a port to which a previously learned destination address is assigned.