Abstract: A vehicle transmission includes a hydraulic circuit and a control unit. The control unit is configured to: obtain (20) a target pressure specification; convert (26) the target pressure specification into a target volume flow rate; determine (42) a valve volume flow rate as a function of the target volume flow rate and as a function of parameters that represent system properties of the hydraulic circuit; determine (46) a pressure drop at a valve due to flow forces as a function of the valve volume flow rate; determine (48) a compensated valve output pressure as a function of the valve volume flow rate and the pressure drop; determine (58) the electric control current as a function of the compensated valve output pressure; and activate a valve with the electric control current.

Abstract: A method for operating a hydraulic system (1) of a transmission (2) of a motor vehicle i includes ascertaining an actual volumetric flow of oil that is deliverable into a primary hydraulic circuit (10) by at least one hydraulic pump (3), ascertaining a target volumetric flow of oil that is required by the primary hydraulic circuit (10), and ascertaining an excess volumetric flow of oil depending on the actual volumetric flow of oil and the target volumetric flow of oil. The excess volumetric flow of oil is distributed to shift elements of the transmission (2) to be actuated, depending on the hydraulic capacity of these shift elements, and is taken into account when limiting the pressure actuation of the shift elements of the transmission (2) to be actuated.

Abstract: A vehicle transmission includes a hydraulic circuit and a control unit. The control unit is configured to: obtain (20) a target pressure specification; convert (26) the target pressure specification into a target volume flow rate; determine (42) a valve volume flow rate as a function of the target volume flow rate and as a function of parameters that represent system properties of the hydraulic circuit; determine (46) a pressure drop at a valve due to flow forces as a function of the valve volume flow rate; determine (48) a compensated valve output pressure as a function of the valve volume flow rate and the pressure drop; determine (58) the electric control current as a function of the compensated valve output pressure; and activate a valve with the electric control current.

Abstract: A door for a household cooking appliance includes an outer pane, an inner pane dismountable from the door, an intermediate pane arranged between the outer pane and the inner pane and dismountable from the door, and a sealing facility arranged at least in one portion between the inner pane and the intermediate pane. When the inner pane is dismounted, the sealing facility is pivotable from a folded-in state in which the sealing facility is in contact with the intermediate pane into a folded-out state in which the sealing facility is not in contact with the intermediate pane.

Abstract: A handle for a door of a household appliance includes an elongated front strip configured as a plate having at least one region which is transparent. A handle bracket is connected to the front strip for positioning the handle on the door. Arranged in the handle is a light source which includes a light-guiding element with which light from the light source can radiate from the front strip. The front strip covers a front side of the light-guiding element, with light radiated from the light-guiding element radiating at least through a light-permeable material region of the front strip.

Abstract: A vehicle PTO driveline (10) in which a PTO input shaft (11) drives a PTO wet clutch (12) which when engaged drives a PTO output shaft (13). The driveline has an eccentric formation (34) on the input shaft (11) which oscillates a pumping piston (31) when the input shaft rotates, which piston pumps cooling/lubricating fluid from a reservoir (25c) to the wet clutch (12). The piston is connected with the eccentric formation by a ring (33) which surrounds the eccentric formation (34) and a hollow tube (32) which is attached to the ring and which carries the piston at a lower end, the piston oscillating inside a chamber (31a) when the input shaft rotates. The chamber (31a) is connected with the fluid reservoir (25c) and the oscillating piston pumps the fluid along the hollow tube (32) into the ring (33) which then delivers the fluid into internal passages (38) in the input shaft from where the fluid flows to the wet clutch.

Abstract: A vehicle PTO driveline (10) in which a PTO input shaft (11) drives a PTO wet clutch (12) which when engaged drives a PTO output shaft (13). The driveline has an eccentric formation (34) on the input shaft (11) which oscillates a pumping piston (31) when the input shaft rotates, which piston pumps cooling/lubricating fluid from a reservoir (25c) to the wet clutch (12). The piston is connected with the eccentric formation by a ring (33) which surrounds the eccentric formation (34) and a hollow tube (32) which is attached to the ring and which carries the piston at a lower end, the piston oscillating inside a chamber (31a) when the input shaft rotates. The chamber (31a) is connected with the fluid reservoir (25c) and the oscillating piston pumps the fluid along the hollow tube (32) into the ring (33) which then delivers the fluid into internal passages (38) in the input shaft from where the fluid flows to the wet clutch.

Abstract: A vehicle PTO driveline in which a PTO input shaft (11) drives a PTO clutch (12) which when engaged drives a PTO output shaft (13) via reduction gearing (14). The driveline is provided with a limited rotational free play device (50, 51) on the input side of the reduction gearing which allows limited manual rotation of the output shaft (13) by a vehicle operator when the output shaft is not driven by the clutch.

Abstract: A hydraulic system for a power-take-off in a utility vehicle is described, having a pump (8) supplying hydraulic fluid to the clutch (1), the brake (2) and a lubricating circuit, a control valve for engaging and releasing the clutch and a device containing a pressure-limiting valve (12) which makes a high system pressure available when the clutch is engaged and a lower system pressure when the clutch is released.In order to keep loss of power in the pump as low as possible and reduce the number of components required in a hydraulic system of this type, the system pressures are controlled by the pressure applied to the engaged clutch. Consequently, the system pressures can be adjusted regardless of the design of control valve used. This means that less expensive 3/2-way valves or 3/2-control valves can be used. This also has an advantage in that different system pressures can be produced using a single pressure-limiting valve.

Abstract: A process for treating final acid obtained in forming a nitrate of a polyhydric alcohol, said final acid comprising a mixture of sulfuric acid, nitric acid, water and said nitrate, said process comprising mixing said final acid with an aromatic nitro compound, allowing said mixture to stratify whereby said nitrate is dissolved into said aromatic nitro compound as one layer and there is another substantially nitrate-free waste acid layer comprising sulfuric acid, nitric acid and water, and separating said layers. Preferably the nitrate is trinitroglycerine and the aromatic nitro compound is dinitrotoluene. The waste acid layer advantageously is partially used to form additional dinitrotoluene and is partially mixed with fresh final acid since its presence serves to stabilize such final acid by preventing any settling out of trinitroglycerine, presumably by the action of the small amount of dinitrotoluene which may be present in said waste acid.